Exstrophy of cloaca sequence (OEIS complex) with multiple cardiac malformations

Omphalocele, Exstrophy, Imperforate anus, Spinal defects (OEIS) complex is the most severe birth defect within the exstrophyepispadias complex. There is exstrophy of the cloaca, failure of fusion of the genital tubercles and pubic rami, omphalocele and incomplete development of the lumbosacral vertebrae with hydromyelia. The diagnosis of OEIS complex mainly relies on sonographic findings. Our case presented with microcephaly, omphalocele, syndactyly, hydromyelia, imperforate anus, single cloacal opening, bifid clitoris, prominent unfused pubic rami and left renal agenesis. In addition, multiple severe cardiac malformations were found on echocardiography. Prognosis is poor when the OEIS complex is compounded by life-threatening malformations. We report a rare case of a preterm neonate presenting with features of OEIS complex with multiple cardiac malformations

Mobile phone use by young children and parent's views on children's mobile phone usage

Aims: This study aims to explore the prevalence of mobile phone use among young children aged 6 months to 4 years. We studied the usage patterns, optimal age for use, and the attitudes of parents toward their child's mobile phone use. Methods: We conducted a cross-sectional study in a pediatric OPD of a tertiary teaching hospital for a period of 2-months. Ethics committee approval and informed consent was taken before conducting the research. A predesigned and validated questionnaire was used to collect data. We calculated a sample size of 90 children at a 95% confidence level. Chi-square test and Fischer's exact test were used as a test of significance at 5% level of significance. Results: We observed that 73.34% of children were using mobile phones and mobile phone usage increased with age. Children used mobile phones for educational purposes (43.9%), and for less than an hour a day (57.6%). In the 3-4 year age group, 19% used mobile phones for 3 hours or more.While 93.3% of parents felt they shouldn't give their child a phone, 71.4% children of these parents still used one. Conclusions: Our study highlights a high prevalence of mobile phone use among young children aged 6 months to 4 years. Although parents aimed to limit their child's phone usage, the reality was different. We recommend that guidelines on mobile phone use be followed in India