839 research outputs found
Dialkyl and Methyl-Alkyl Zirconocenes: Synthesis and Characterization of Zirconocene-Alkyls That Model the Polymeryl Chain in Alkene Polymerizations
Optimization Issues for a Micropulsed Plasma Thruster
Peer Reviewedhttp://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/76083/1/AIAA-13954-648.pd
CâH Bond Activation Processes in Cationic and Neutral Titanium Benzyl Compounds with CyclopentadienylâArene Ligands
HierVLS Hierarchical Docking Protocol for Virtual Ligand Screening of Large-Molecule Databases
Mechanisms of Formation and Destruction of Polychlorinated Dibenzo-p-dioxins and Dibenzofurans in Heterogeneous Systems
The Molecular Genetic Architecture of Self-Employment
Economic variables such as income, education, and occupation are known to affect mortality and morbidity, such as cardiovascular disease, and have also been shown to be partly heritable. However, very little is known about which genes influence economic variables, although these genes may have both a direct and an indirect effect on health. We report results from the first large-scale collaboration that studies the molecular genetic architecture of an economic variable-entrepreneurship-that was operationalized using self-employment, a widely-available proxy. Our results suggest that common SNPs when considered jointly explain about half of the narrow-sense heritability of self-employment estimated in twin data (Ïg2/ÏP2= 25%, h2= 55%). However, a meta-analysis of genome-wide association studies across sixteen studies comprising 50,627 participants did not identify genome-wide significant SNPs. 58 SNPs with p<10-5were tested in a replication sample (n = 3,271), but none replicated. Furthermore, a gene-based test shows that none of the genes that were previously suggested in the literature to influence entrepreneurship reveal significant associations. Finally, SNP-based genetic scores that use results from the meta-analysis capture less than 0.2% of the variance in self-employment in an independent sample (pâ„0.039). Our results are consistent with a highly polygenic molecular genetic architecture of self-employment, with many genetic variants of small effect. Although self-employment is a multi-faceted, heavily environmentally influenced, and biologically distal trait, our results are similar to those for other genetically complex and biologically more proximate outcomes, such as height, intelligence, personality, and several diseases
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