HAZARDS POSED BY THE WAR IN UKRAINE: A STUDY OF POPULATION INFORMATION RISK AND MITIGATION EFFORTS

The Russian-Ukrainian conflict is the most significant security crisis since World War II. Intense fighting has irreparable effects on water, air, soil, and the ecosystem. They are leading to a massive loss of life and unfolding social and humanitarian disaster in the Black Sea region. Even more significant, however, is the information disaster in cyberspace, which has gone far beyond these borders and even affected the whole world. This study reviews available normative documents to examine the maximum amount of documents related to managing Russia’s and Ukraine’s combat operations in information warfare. Access to the state electronic databases of Russia and Ukraine, which provide access to many normative documents, was used to fulfill the set objective. These are the “Official web portal of the Parliament of Ukraine” (Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine) and “The Federal Assembly” of the Russian Federation (The State Duma). The aggregate number of sources examined is 83564. Based on the criteria for inclusion, the total number of articles analyzed was reduced to 216, as they specifically pertain to security in information and cyberspace. The research findings on information risk between the two countries indicate that their primary focus was ensuring cyber security following the outbreak of war. However, one of the initial priorities was to address the safeguarding of e-government and the information security of citizens. Subsequently, steps were implemented to combat false information and coordinate their media, which was crucial to the operation\u27s success. The analysis indicates that Russia is presently experiencing defeat in the information war between the Western world and Ukraine. However, it is achieving resounding success within its borders and is garnering support from Chinese citizens as well as other isolated nations like Iran and North Korea. Partial achievements have been observed in Asia and Africa. However, the situation could rapidly shift due to the superior influence of Western powers on popular social platforms, including Facebook, Twitter, Instagram, YouTube, and Google. This conflict has transcended into more than a mere battle between two nations and their military forces. It embodies the form of an impending conflict— the war behind the war

Pseudomyxoma peritonei - a report of two cases and a review of the literature

Introduction: PMP is a rare disease with a slow but progressive course leading to death. According to the literature PMP encompass wide variety of conditions. To avoid the confusion and to facilitate the treatment and comparison of the results several authors suggested that the term `PMP` should include only the cases with appendiceal origin.Case report: We report two cases with low-grade paseudomyxoma peritonei. The first case was managed by debulking surgery alone with survival 2 years. The second case underwent complete cytoreduction plus HIPEC and 3 years later is still alive and free of disease. There was one patient with a benign appendiceal mucocele treated by appendectomy, who is free of disease 3 years later.Introduction: PMP is a rare disease with a slow but progressive course leading to death. According to the literature PMP encompass wide variety of conditions. To avoid confusion and to facilitate treatment and comparison of the results several authors suggested that the term `PMP` should include only the cases with appendiceal origin.Case report: We report two cases with low-grade paseudomyxoma peritonei. The first case was managed by debulking surgery alone with survival 2 years. The second case underwent complete cytoreduction plus HIPEC and 3 years later is still alive and free of disease. There was one patient with a benign appendiceal mucocele treated by appendectomy, who is free of disease 3 years later.Conclusion: Despite the high complication rate, cytoreductive surgery with HIPEC remains the gold standard in the treatment of pseudomyxoma peritonei. The tumor grade and completeness of cytoreduction are the main prognostic factors. Due to the rarity of the condition most of the surgeons are not experienced enough to manage these patients. Additionally, the incomplete cytoreduction is associated with poorer prognosis and significantly hampers the subsequent interventions. Thus, in the cases when it is found incidentally, the best strategy is the taking of biopsy, appendectomy and subsequent referral to a specialized center for a treatment by multidisciplinary team

Initial experience with peroral endoscopic myotomy in Bulgaria: case series

Achalasia is a rare motility disorder with unknown etiology that results in failure of relaxation of the lower esophageal sphincter (LES). As there is no etiological treatment, different pharmacological agents and invasive techniques have been used for relieving the symptoms. For the past decade, peroral endoscopic myotomy (POEM) has proven to have excellent results.We present a retrospective study of five patients that underwent POEM for primary achalasia. We used anterior approach for the submucosal tunneling. The procedure showed immediate results and no severe short- or long-term adverse events. We have been following the patients up for more than 3 years now.Since its invention more than ten years ago, the POEM procedure and its advantages and disadvantages compared to the pneumatic dilatation and the Heller myotomy have been extensively studied. There is still no universal opinion on which procedure should be the first line treatment

PRIMARY SQUAMOUS CELL CARCINOMA OF THE THYROID GLAND - CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE

Background Primary squamous cell carcinoma of the thyroid gland (PSCTC) is a rare malignancy, but demonstrates a very aggressive behaviour and has a poor prognosis. The best treatment is radical surgery and postoperative chemo- and radiotherapy, although there are some reports that this tumour is resistant to conservative therapy. Patients often present with a large tumour mass on the neck with a solid consistency. Diagnosis is usually set during the operation - on a frozen section. Case report We present a case of a 71-year old man with weight loss and rapidly growing neck mass for the last two months. MRI showed a tumour of the left lobe of the thyroid gland, compressing the trachea and the adjacent structures. A left thyroidectomy with isthmectomy has been performed. Frozen section showed primary squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour recurrence two months later led to the second operation with the same effect. The patient died in a couple of months. Conclusion Because of its rarity and poor biology, treatment of PSCTC remains unsatisfactory. There are still many challenges on its origin, behaviour and prognostic factors. The results of postoperative chemo- or radiotherapy are controversial

DELAYED POSTOPERATIVE CERVICAL HEMATOMA AFTER THYROID REDO SURGERY: A CASE REPORT

A 63-year-old Caucasian woman underwent total thyroidectomy for recurrent benign nodular goiter. She was discharged on the next day in a good condition. On the third postoperative day she was brought to the emergency unconscious with respiratory distress and enormous swelling of the neck. She was reoperated immediately and postoperative hematoma due to a bleeding from a small branch of the left superior thyroid artery was found. A definitive hemostasis was done. She stayed 10 days in the ICU on an artificial ventillation untill the swelling was relieved. Due to signs of infection the wound was opened and treated with negative pressure wound therapy at regular intervals. After extubation she was found to have phonation and eyesight disorders, fully recovered by conservative treatment in three weeks. The overall lenght of hospital stay was 41 days and she was discharged in a good condition

Manufacturing of an array of microneedles in a steel insert for micro-injection moulding using laser milling

The use of arrays of hollow micro needles offers the potential of pain free drug delivery through the skin. However, their batch manufacture represents a real challenge. Especially, it is difficult to design and implement reliable and cost effective manufacturing solutions suitable for scale up production of such new drug delivery devices. In this paper the authors report an investigation of possible manufacturing process chains for producing steel mould inserts for serial replication of microneedles’ patches employing injection moulding. The focus is on manufacturing solutions that utilise nano-second and pico-second laser milling for machining the necessary replication inserts. The process optimisation issues associated with their manufacture are discussed, and the processing windows that were determined are described. To validate the proposed tool-making process chains some moulding inserts were successfully machined using both laser milling technologies. Finally the limitations and uncertainties of these tool making process chains are discussed