Publikationsliste Dr. Peter Juroszek

Publikationsliste 2001-2003: - Zeitschriftenbeiträge (peer reviewed) - Buchbeiträge, Sammelbände, Proceedings - Abstract

Competitiveness of winter wheat stands against weeds: Effects of cultivar choice, row width and drilling direction

The need for competitive crop stands can be regarded as a basic requirement for weed control, potentially reducing the need for direct control measures. One way the crop may suppress weed growth is by the restriction of light through crop shading. As part of the EU-project ²Strategies of weed control in Organic Farming² (WECOF) trials with winter wheat were carried out to evaluate the potential of wheat shading ability as a weed control measure. Factors included were cultivar, row width and drilling direction. Results of the first experimental year are presented

Konkurrenzkraft verschiedener Weizensorten unter dem Einfluss von Reihenabstand und Drillrichtung.

A competitive crop stand is a basis requirement for indirect weed control, potentially reducing the need for direct control measures. Efficient light interception by crop canopies can suppress weed growth by shading. As part of the EU-project ″Strategies of weed control in Organic Farming″ (WECOF) weed suppression by crop shading ability were evaluated in winter wheat. Three wheat cultivars with different leaf inclination and height (Greif, Astron, Pegassos) were grown at three row widths (12 cm, 17 cm and 24 cm) and two drilling directions (East-West, North-South) using a three-factorial design. Two field trials in 2000/01 and 2001/02, respectively, were conducted in Hennef, North-Rhine-Westphalia, Germany. No direct weed control measures were undertaken. Weed growth was influenced by both, cultivars´ morphology and row width, but remained unaffected by drilling direction. A tall and planophile cultivar (Pegassos) as well as narrow row width increased light interception of wheat stands, thus reducing weed ground cover and weed biomass. Leaf inclination and plant height became more important at wider row widths. The tallest planophile cultivar was able to suppress weeds at 24 cm row width as effectively as at 12 cm row width. Competitiveness of the shorter erectophile cultivar Greif decreased significantly with increasing row width. Furthermore cultivars´ ability for early covering enhanced competitiveness. The effectiveness of crop shading ability depends on weed species´ susceptibility to shading. Early-season growing and high statured weed species cannot be suppressed by crop shading effectively. Despite these limitations crop shading ability is regarded as an important element of weed control strategies in organic farming

Climate Change and Pathways Used by Pests as Challenges to Plant Health in Agriculture and Forestry

Climate change already challenges people’s livelihood globally and it also affects plant health. Rising temperatures facilitate the introduction and establishment of unwanted organisms, including arthropods, pathogens, and weeds (hereafter collectively called pests). For example, a single, unusually warm winter under temperate climatic conditions may be sufficient to assist the establishment of invasive plant pests, which otherwise would not be able to establish. In addition, the increased market globalization and related transport of recent years, coupled with increased temperatures, has led to favorable conditions for pest movement, invasion, and establishment worldwide. Most published studies indicate that, in general, pest risk will increase in agricultural ecosystems under climate-change scenarios, especially in today’s cooler arctic, boreal, temperate, and subtropical regions. This is also mostly true for forestry. Some pests have already expanded their host range or distribution, at least in part due to changes in climate. Examples of these pests, selected according to their relevance in different geographical areas, are summarized here. The main pathways used by them, directly and/or indirectly, are also discussed. Understanding these pathways can support decisions about mitigation and adaptation measures. The review concludes that preventive mitigation and adaptation measures, including biosecurity, are key to reducing the projected increases in pest risk in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Therefore, the sustainable management of pests is urgently needed. It requires holistic solutions, including effective phytosanitary regulations, globally coordinated diagnostic and surveillance systems, pest risk modeling and analysis, and preparedness for pro-active management

Research Needs in Organic Vegetable Production Systems in Tropical Countries With a Focus on Asia

Well-managed organic vegetable production systems (OVPS) can provide food security and healthy diets for humans, while being less harmful to the environment and more efficient in natural resource use. However, most OVPS research is carried out in developed countries, mainly under temperate or subtropical climatic conditions. Institutionalized research in organic farming in most tropical countries appears to be relatively new, and it is not a significant focus for the International Agricultural Research Centers. Tropical farmers in Asia producing vegetables organically, whether by design or default, must overcome significant challenges organic growers in temperate climates seldom face, including a lack of suitable varieties, heavy rainfall and the year-round presence of pests. According to our online literature survey, tomato is the vegetable most commonly researched in organic farming, followed by lettuce, carrot and cucumber; we found little research on crops important to tropical Asia, such as eggplant, chili pepper, different cucurbits such as gourds, and locally important indigenous vegetables. To improve and promote OVPS in tropical countries, institutional research is needed to identify and develop vegetable varieties, alternative crop protection and management methods better suited to the tropics

Climate change and pathways used by pests as challenges to plant health in agriculture and forestry

Climate change already challenges people’s livelihood globally and it also affects plant health. Rising temperatures facilitate the introduction and establishment of unwanted organisms, including arthropods, pathogens, and weeds (hereafter collectively called pests). For example, a single, unusually warm winter under temperate climatic conditions may be sufficient to assist the establishment of invasive plant pests, which otherwise would not be able to establish. In addition, the increased market globalization and related transport of recent years, coupled with increased temperatures, has led to favorable conditions for pest movement, invasion, and establishment worldwide. Most published studies indicate that, in general, pest risk will increase in agricultural ecosystems under climate-change scenarios, especially in today’s cooler arctic, boreal, temperate, and subtropical regions. This is also mostly true for forestry. Some pests have already expanded their host range or distribution, at least in part due to changes in climate. Examples of these pests, selected according to their relevance in different geographical areas, are summarized here. The main pathways used by them, directly and/or indirectly, are also discussed. Understanding these pathways can support decisions about mitigation and adaptation measures. The review concludes that preventive mitigation and adaptation measures, including biosecurity, are key to reducing the projected increases in pest risk in agriculture, horticulture, and forestry. Therefore, the sustainable management of pests is urgently needed. It requires holistic solutions, including effective phytosanitary regulations, globally coordinated diagnostic and surveillance systems, pest risk modeling and analysis, and preparedness for pro-active management.The Federal Ministry of Food and Agriculture (BMEL).https://www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainabilityam2023Forestry and Agricultural Biotechnology Institute (FABI)Zoology and Entomolog