Chanson Fleurie

https://digitalcommons.library.umaine.edu/mmb-ps/3341/thumbnail.jp

Comparación de los niveles sonoros generados por ruido de tránsito continuo e interrumpido

En este trabajo se realiza un estudio que permite proponer un modelo para la distribución de nilvel sonoro en el tiempo, que produce el flujo vehicular, para dos condiciones de circulación: flujo libre y flujo interrumpido. Los resultados obtenidos muestran que no hay evidencias para rechazar un modelo normal en ambos casos y que los valores medios de las distribuciones de nivel sonoro para la condición flujo libre, son significativamente distintos de los obtenidos para la condición de flujo interrumpido. Para flujos libres con velocidades comprendidas entre 50 y 70 km/hr, el nivel sonoro medio es mayor para la condición de flujo libre respecto de la condición de flujo interrumpido

Medio ambiente acústico en el metro de Santiago

En este trabajo se analizan los niveles de ruido existentes en el metro de Santiago, tanto en banda ancha como en banda angosta. Se utilizan como cuantificadores L 1 0 , L5 0 , L 9 0, L 9 5, Leq y PSIL. Los valores encontrados en Leq, para un viaje típico en la línea 1, es de 86.2 dB (A) y en la linea 2 de 86.7 dB (A). Para L 5 0 se obtuvo un valor de 80.3 dB (A) para ambas líneas; el ruido de fondo que se puede asociar a L 9 5 es levemente superior a 70 dB (A). Los climas de ruido obtenidos para un viaje típico en línea 1 y 2 resulta ser 20 dB (A) y 20.5 dB (A), respectivamente. Los niveles encontrados para los distintos cuantificadores analizados, sobrepasan todos los límites recomendados

Aspectos cronobiologicos do ciclo vigilia-sono e niveis de ansiedade dos enfermeiros nos diferentes turnos de trabalho

Orientador: Milva Figueiredo de MartinoDissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Ciências MédicasResumo: Esta pesquisa teve como objetivos: identificar os cronótipos dos enfermeiros que trabalham em diferentes turnos, estudar os padrões de sono através das variáveis horários de deitar, dormir e acordar, tempo de latência do sono, quantidade de sono diurno e noturno, qualidade do sono diurno e noturno e sensação ao acordar após o sono diurno e noturno, maneiras de acordar, hábitos de cochilo e comparação do sono atual com o habitual. Identificar, também, quanto aos níveis de ansiedade estado-traço e correlacionar os cronótipos com as variáveis ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado. Foi realizada na cidade de Campinas, São Paulo, no Hospital de Clínicas da Universidade Estadual de Campinas (HC-UNICAMP). Participaram, voluntariamente, 40 enfermeiros sadios, com idade entre 25 e 57 anos, de ambos os sexos. Os instrumentos utilizados para coleta de dados foram: ficha para caracterização da população, questionário de identificação de indivíduos matutinos e vespertinos de HORNE & OSTBERG (1976), inventário de ansiedade traço e estado (IDATE), formulário de avaliação do ciclo vigília-sono. Os resultados mostraram que os turnos são homogêneos em relação à idade, não havendo diferença significativa para a idade, tempo de serviço e tempo de formado, embora haja uma tendência do turno matutino ter profissionais com menos anos de serviço. Quanto à hora de acordar, houve diferença significativa do horário, dependente do turno. Os enfermeiros do turno da manhã acordam mais cedo do que os demais (Teste de Kruskal-Wallis: p=0,0001). Para a ansiedade-estado, a freqüência de enfermeiros dos turnos matutino, vespertino e noturno se encontra no nível II (moderado) de ansiedade. Para a ansiedade-traço, a maior freqüência de enfermeiros do turno matutino e vespertino insere-se no nível II (moderado) de ansiedade e os enfermeiros do turno noturno encontram-se no nível I (baixo). As correlações com o crónotipo do grupo vespertino e noturno mostram que o tipo indiferente apresentou freqüência maior para essa característica individual. Conclusão: observou-se que os mais jovens estão na faixa etária de 25 anos, a maioria é do sexo feminino, solteiro, sem filhos e não usa medicamentos para dormir, trabalha no turno matutino, são os mais jovens e também com menor tempo de serviço e de formados. Os do grupo do turno noturno são de faixa etária maior com maior tempo de serviço e de formação profissional. Identificou-se os cronótipos e estes estão de acordo com as suas preferências individuais, conforme o horário de trabalho desenvolvido. Os padrões de sono e suas características próprias, possibilitaram o reconhecimento de efeitos específicos dos turnos sobre os hábitos de sono dos enfermeiros e a sua influência em relação aos níveis de ansiedadeAbstract: This research had as objectives: to identify the chronotypes of the nurses who work on different shifts, to study the sleep patterns through the variables: time to go to bed, sleep and wake, sleep latency period, amount of day and night sleep, quality of day and night sleep and sensation when waking up after day and night sleep, manners to wake, napping habits and comparison between the current sleep and the habitual sleep. To detect, also, the trace-state anxiety levels and correlate the chronotypes with the variables trace-anxiety and state-anxiety. It was conducted in Campinas, São Paulo, at the Hospital of Clinics of the State University of Campinas (HC-UNICAMP). The participants of the research were 40 healthy nurses, whose ages were between 25 and 57 years old, volunteers, male and female. The instruments for data collection were: population sample characterization form, identification of morning and afternoon HORNE&OSTBERG questionnaire (1976), trace and state anxiety inventory (IDATE), sleep-wake cycle assessment form. The results have shown that the shifts are homogeneous in regards to age, and there is no significant difference in relation to age, years of service and years of graduation, despite the fact that there is a tendency from the morning shift to own professionals with less years of service. Regarding the waking time, there was a significant difference, dependent on the shift. The morning shift nurses wake up earlier than the rest (Kruskal-Wallis Test: p=0,0001). For the state anxiety, the frequency of nurses from the morning, afternoon and night shifts is level II (moderate) of anxiety. For the trace-anxiety, the highest frequency of the morning and afternoon shift nurses are level I (low). The correlation with the afternoon and night group chronotype demonstrates that the indifferent type showed a higher frequency for this individual characteristic. Conclusion: it was observed that the youngest are in the 25-year-old age group, most are females, singles, with no children and do not use medication to sleep, work on the morning shift, are the youngest and also with less years of service and of graduation. The chronotypes were identified and are in accordance with their individual preferences, according to the time of work done. The sleep patterns and its own characteristics allowed the recognition of specific effects of the shifts on the sleep habits of the nurses and its influence in relation to the levels of anxietyMestradoMestre em Enfermage

Profesionalidad médica en el capitalismo tardío: percepciones de estudiantes de medicina de la Universidad de Chile

Introduction: Medical professionalism is facing a crisis due to the transition from liberal practice to becoming employees of corporations that manage health related issues with criteria corresponding to the prevailing socioeconomic model which also influences medical concepts and practices. Objectives: To describe how medical students perceive their professionalism; to identify influencing contextual factors and to portray its implications in student´s lives and professional performance. Design: Qualitative research framed in a study regarding the contribution of the rural internship to the medical undergraduate program. Participants: Last year students of medical school. Setting. Faculty of Medicine, Universidad de Chile. Interventions. Fifteen semi-structured interviews were performed to students in their last year at medical school. Narrative analysis followed by interpretation of its meaning was applied to the resulting information. Main outcome measures: Perception of professionalism. Results: Strong tension exists between professionalism´s core principles and values and institutional and contextual factors shaping current medical practice. Interviewees take their duty to respond to patient's demands and needs with high sense of responsibility, developing individual strategies to overcome system´s limitations and cope with arising frustrations. Conclusions: Evidence on how medical students perceive and try to cope with these contradictions poses the need for a profound transformation of medical education. Focusing on the collective is proposed as conceptual base as well as key mechanism of this change.Introducción. La profesionalidad médica está en crisis por la transición desde el libre ejercicio a ser empleados de corporaciones que manejan todo lo relacionado con salud con criterios correspondientes al modelo socioeconómico imperante, permeando la conceptualización y prácticas del ejercicio profesional. Objetivos. Describir cómo los estudiantes de medicina perciben su profesionalidad, identificando factores contextuales que la modulan e implicaciones sobre su vida profesional y personal. Diseño. Investigación cualitativa enmarcada en un estudio del aporte del internado rural a la formación médica. Participantes. Estudiantes del último año de la carrera de medicina. Lugar. Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Chile. Intervenciones. Se realizaron quince entrevistas semiestructuradas a estudiantes del último año de la carrera en medicina, aplicando análisis narrativo de contenidos e interpretación de significados. Principales medidas de resultados. Percepción de su profesionalidad. Resultados. Existió fuerte tensión entre los valores y principios del ejercicio de la profesión médica y los condicionantes institucionales y contextuales de su práctica. Los entrevistados asumieron responsablemente la búsqueda de soluciones para los motivos de consulta de sus pacientes, desarrollando estrategias individuales orientadas a vencer las limitaciones del sistema y manejar la frustración experimentada. Conclusiones. Conocer cómo los futuros médicos viven e intentan sobrellevar las contradicciones entre su profesionalidad y la realidad laboral evidencia la necesidad de modificar la formación médica. Se propone que lo colectivo se convierta en sustrato y mecanismo de este cambio

Le leadership de Néhémie comme paradigme pour la reconstruction en République démocratique du Congo : analyse sociale et herméneutique chrétienne de Néhémie 2-5

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

Homocysteine induces cell death in H9C2 cardiomyocytes through the generation of peroxynitrite

Homocysteine (HCY) is toxic on blood vessels, but a potential direct toxicity of HCY on the heart is unknown. We addressed this issue by exposing H9C2 cardiomyocytes to HCY (0.1-5 mM) for up to 6h. At these concentrations, HCY reduced cell viability, induced necrosis and apoptosis and triggered the cleavage of caspase-3 and poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP). This was associated with the intracellular generation of the potent oxidant peroxynitrite. Removing peroxynitrite by the decomposition catalyst FeTPPS considerably reduced LDH release, DNA fragmentation, cleavage of caspase-3 and PARP, and restored normal cell morphology. In additional experiments performed in primary rat ventricular cardiomyocytes, HCY (1 mM, 6h) activated the phosphorylation of the MAP kinases ERK and JNK, two essential stress signaling kinases regulating myocardial apoptosis, hypertrophy and remodeling. These results provide the first demonstration that HCY kills cardiomyocytes through the generation of peroxynitrite and can activate key signaling cascades in the myocardium

Peroxynitrite activates ERK via Raf-1 and MEK, independently from EGF receptor and p21Ras in H9C2 cardiomyocytes

Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant and nitrating species proposed as a direct effector of myocardial damage in a wide range of cardiac diseases. Whether peroxynitrite also acts indirectly, by modulating cell signal transduction pathways in the myocardium, has not been investigated. Here, we examined the ability of peroxynitrite to activate extracellular signal-related kinase (ERK), a MAP kinase which has been linked with hypertrophic and anti-apoptotic responses in the heart, in cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes. Peroxynitrite elicited a concentration- and time-dependent activation of ERK, secondary to the upstream activation of MEK 1 (ERK kinase). Activation of MEK-ERK by peroxynitrite was related to the upstream activation of Raf-1 kinase, as ERK and MEK phosphorylation were prevented by the Raf-1 inhibitor BAY43-9006. These effects of peroxynitrite were not associated with the activation of p21(Ras), known as a common signaling target of cellular oxidative stress. In contrast to ERK activation mediated by the epidermal growth factor (EGF), ERK activation by peroxynitrite was not prevented by AG1478 (EGF receptor inhibitor). Peroxynitrite acted through oxidative, but not nitrative chemistry, as ERK remained activated while nitration was prevented by the flavanol epicatechin. In addition to ERK, peroxynitrite also potently activated two additional members of the MAP kinase family of signaling proteins, JNK and p38. Thus, peroxynitrite activates ERK in cardiomyocytes through an unusual signaling cascade involving Raf-1 and MEK 1, independently from EGFR and P21(Ras), and also acts as a potent activator of JNK and p38. These results provide the novel concept that peroxynitrite may represent a previously unrecognized signaling molecule in various cardiac pathologies

Peroxynitrite is a potent inhibitor of NF-{kappa}B activation triggered by inflammatory stimuli in cardiac and endothelial cell lines.

Peroxynitrite is a potent oxidant and nitrating species proposed as a direct effector of myocardial damage in numerous cardiac pathologies. Whether peroxynitrite also acts indirectly, by modulating cell signal transduction in the myocardium, has not been investigated. Therefore, we examined a possible role for peroxynitrite on the activation of NF-kappaB, a crucial pro-inflammatory transcription factor, in cultured H9C2 cardiomyocytes. H9C2 cells were stimulated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or lipopolysaccharide following a brief (20-min) exposure to peroxynitrite. NF-kappaB activation (phosphorylation and degradation of its inhibitor IkappaBalpha, nuclear translocation of NF-kappaB p65, and NF-kappaB DNA binding) triggered by lipopolysaccharide or tumor necrosis factor-alpha was abrogated by peroxynitrite. Peroxynitrite also inhibited NF-kappaB in two human endothelial cell lines activated with tumor necrosis factor-alpha or interleukin-1beta. These effects were related to oxidative but not nitrative chemistry and were still being observed while nitration was suppressed by epicatechin. The mechanism of NF-kappaB inhibition by peroxynitrite was a complete blockade of phosphorylation and activation of the upstream kinase IkappaB kinase (IKK) beta, required for canonical, pro-inflammatory NF-kappaB activation. At the same time, peroxynitrite activated phosphorylation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IKKalpha, considered as part of an alternative, noncanonical NF-kappaB activation pathway. Suppression of IKKbeta-dependent NF-kappaB activation translated into a marked inhibition of the transcription of NF-kappaB-dependent genes by peroxynitrite. Thus, peroxynitrite has a dual effect on NF-kappaB, inhibiting canonical IKKbeta-dependent NF-kappaB activation while activating NF-kappaB-inducing kinase and IKKalpha phosphorylation, which suggests its involvement in an alternative pathway of NF-kappaB activation. These findings offer new perspectives for the understanding of the relationships between redox stress and inflammation