Hyperammonemia Is Associated with Increasing Severity of Both Liver Cirrhosis and Hepatic Encephalopathy

Background. Hyperammonemia resulting from chronic liver disease (CLD) can potentially challenge and damage any organ system of the body, particularly the brain. However, there is still some controversy regarding the diagnostic or prognostic values of serum ammonia in patients with over hepatic encephalopathy, especially in the setting of acute-on-chronic or chronic liver failure. Moreover, the association of serum ammonia with worsening Child-Pugh grade of liver cirrhosis has not been studied. Objective. This study was conducted to solve the controversy regarding the association between hyperammonemia and cirrhosis, especially hepatic encephalopathy in chronically failed liver. Material and Methods. In this study, 171 cirrhotic patients had their serum ammonia measured and analyzed by SPSS version 16. Chi-squared test and one-way ANOVA were applied. Results. The study had 110 male and 61 female participants. The mean age of all the participants in years was 42.33 ± 7.60. The mean duration (years) of CLD was 10.15 ± 3.53 while the mean Child-Pugh (CP) score was 8.84 ± 3.30. Chronic viral hepatitis alone was responsible for 71.3% of the cases. Moreover, 86.5% of participants had hepatic encephalopathy (HE). The frequency of hyperammonemia was 67.3%, more frequent in males ( = 81, -score = 2.4, and < 0.05) than in females ( = 34, -score = 2.4, and < 0.05), and had a statistically significant relationship with increasing CP grade of cirrhosis ( 2 (2) = 27.46, < 0.001, Phi = 0.40, and < 0.001). Furthermore, serum ammonia level was higher in patients with hepatic encephalopathy than in those without it; < 0.001. Conclusion. Hyperammonemia is associated with both increasing Child-Pugh grade of liver cirrhosis and hepatic encephalopathy

COMPARATIVE STUDY OF A BIOPESTICIDE WITH SOME SYNTHETIC PESTICIDES USED AGAINST MUSTARD APHIDS (Lipephis erysimi Kalt)

ABSTRACT The experiment was conducted to compare effectiveness of (BtA) Bacillus thuringiensis and Abamectin @ 1gm/l with chlorpyrifos @ 5ml/l, megamos @ 1.25 ml/l and trend @ 4ml/l in controlling aphids (Lipaphis erysimi) on mustard (Eruca sativa) at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2004-05. These compounds were first sprayed to the point of runoff when the density of the aphids reached to 10 per leaf and repeated at 15 days after the first spray. There were 5 treatments along with one control and replicated 4 times. On mustard after two sprays all the pesticides (being non significant from one another) resulted in significant control of aphids over the check. Mean yield of mustard seed was significantly higher in chlorpyrifos treatment with 581 kg/ha, against 477 kg/ha in BtA treatment

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Determinant of the Success Factors for Entrepreneurship Business AAMIR NADEEM

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The Theme of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) within & Outside Organizational Activities: A Theoretical Approach AAMIR NADEEM

Abstract This paper aims to elaborate the internal and external role of CSR within the organization and also explains that what an organization can contribute internally and externally for the benefits of the society. Within CSR activities it explains the theme of CSR in the core activities of an organization like production & manufacturing, marketing, HRM, corporate governance, investments and accounting. CSR contributions are identified from CSR reports presented by the organization that how they can contribute their efforts internally and externally for CSR activities and gain CSR accounted. CSR framework identified 21 external CSR contributions and 50 internal CSR contributions which an organization can adopt for accounted in CSR rights and performances