Assessment Of Water Supply System: A Questioner Study

A universal water supply system was the subject of numerous studies in an effort to help designers create more reliable systems for long-term operation. These efforts also target the convenience of the systems in use in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq as well as the optimization of the region's entire construction distribution networks. This research aims to find out how people think about the quality, quantity, and problems with the water distribution systems (in Sulaimani City). The data was collected through a questionnaire by asking people various questions, and their opinions about the water distribution systems in the region, as well as the convenience of the systems used (continuous or intermittent) to deliver water. For accessing water in the intermittent water distribution system, around 44%, 28%, and 3% of the respondents have access to water once in three days, once in two days, and have no watering schedule for accessing water, respectively. During the week, the water is distributed in a continuous system. As it’s obvious from the duration of water distribution, in most of the intermittent water distribution systems, 56.2% of respondents have 2–3 hours of access to water. According to the frequency of water availability, approximately 25% and 7.5% have access to water for only one hour and less than one hour, respectively. Respondents with continuous systems don’t have any major problems with the drinking water's odor, taste, or color. Results show that 72% of them accept the provided water as safe, and the breakdown of the water pipelines is confirmed by all

Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Awareness, Risk Level, Hand Washing, and Water Consumption for Hospital Staff in Sulaimaniyah City of Iraq

Covid-19 impacted several sectors such as economic, political, social, sports and art activities etc. On the other hand, it influenced handwashing times, awareness, and risk levels for the hospital staff in Sulaimaniyah City. In this study, the effects of Covid-19 on awareness, risk level, and hand cleaning have been focused on by hospital staff in Sulaimaniyah City hospitals. A qualitative method using an electronic questionnaire was applied for data collection. The total number of participants was 404 hospital staff. The percentage ratio of female employees is higher than males in the health sector in the Sulaimaniyah Hospitals. Awareness by the hospital staff has increased during the Covid-19 pandemic. Participants aged more than 55 years were more at risk because of their age, and females more than 55 years had the most threat. Covid-19 impacted the increasing rate of washing hands by 38% and using materials for cleaning hands by 46% for the hospital staff in Sulaimaniyah City. The average grand total change percentage was 41%. Water consumption increased by 135% in the Sulaimaniyah Hospitals throughout the Covid-19 pandemic. On the other hand, fewer working hours in the hospitals led to a high-water consumption ratio among the employees in the hospitals

Hydraulic control on sedimentation processes and bottom sediments chemistry of Sulejów Reservoir in Poland

The Sulejów reservoir is one of the largest reservoirs in Poland and is exposed to a large flux of nutrients from both point and diffuse sources, which leads to an excessive amount of eutrophication and cyanobacteria bloom. The underlying inspiration for this paper was to use a 1D HEC-RAS hydrodynamic model to improve the knowledge of sedimentation conditions and the chemistry of bottom sediments in the context of reservoir eutrophication and algae bloom. Field sampling was performed, and chemical concentrations of Total Organic Carbon, Total Phosphorus, and Cadmium were measured in samples from bottom sediments. The deepest parts of the reservoir and the presence of sediment traps coincide with the highest concentrations of organic carbon, nutrients, and heavy metals. The paper has shown that reservoir hydrodynamic modelling and precise bathymetry maps provide very valuable information that can be used for the interpretation of bottom sediment chemistry patterns and for understanding the conditions of sedimentation

Interlinkages between Climate Change Impacts, Public Attitudes, and Climate Action—Exploring Trends before and after the Paris Agreement in the EU

European member states have high emission reduction potential. They send a strong signal to the rest of the world with their action or inaction on climate change. Yet, within the EU, national-level climate policies (NLCP) lag behind the EU Commission’s overall climate goals. Transparency of and accountability for climate action requires an integrative perspective. Here, insights from diverse research disciplines address the following questions: How are climate impacts, public attitudes, and climate policies changing over time, and what are the interlinkages? Using three databases (Germanwatch (CCPI), European Extreme Events Climate Index (E3CI), and Eurobarometer Public Opinion Survey, 27 European countries were compared for NLCP (mitigation), climate change impacts (heat/drought), and public attitudes towards climate change (cognition/affect/conation). Differences among groups before and after the Paris Agreement were evaluated with ANOVA tests; trends and geographical differences were analysed with linear models. NLCP did not improve after the Paris Agreement, even displaying some deterioration in the eastern macro-region. Conversely, public awareness towards climate change is improving, with concern being higher in northern compared with southern countries. Heat stress is significantly related to NLCP, with increases in heat stress corresponding to improved climate policy in the northern region while worsening it in the southern region. Under worsening climate impacts, public attitudes increasingly favour climate action. However, overall policy responses are inadequate, although differences occur at the macro-regional level. The results provide granular insights into a persistent knowledge–action gap