Human cellular restriction factors that target HIV-1 replication

Recent findings have highlighted roles played by innate cellular factors in restricting intracellular viral replication. In this review, we discuss in brief the activities of apolipoprotein B mRNA-editing enzyme 3G (APOBEC3G), bone marrow stromal cell antigen 2 (BST-2), cyclophilin A, tripartite motif protein 5 alpha (Trim5α), and cellular microRNAs as examples of host restriction factors that target HIV-1. We point to countermeasures encoded by HIV-1 for moderating the potency of these cellular restriction functions

Pharmacotherapy for Conjunctival Malignancies

Medical therapy for ocular malignancies is an expanding field with increasing options for ocular surface malignancies. Epithelial, lymphoproliferative, and pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva now all have pharmacologic therapeutic options at the clinician’s disposal. Topical chemotherapy drops of interferon alpha-2b (IFNα-2b), 5-fluorouracil, and mitomycin have shown promising results as a primary therapy for ocular surface squamous neoplasia (OSSN). They have also been used as adjuvants to surgical excision. While these agents are the main medical agents for OSSN, retinoic acid, aloe vera, cidofovir, and anti-vascular endothelial growth factor have been tried with some success. Pharmacological therapy for ocular and adnexal lymphoma is dependent on whether the disease is localized (unilateral or bilateral) or systemic. Local therapy has traditionally been radiotherapy, but local injections of rituximab and interferon have shown some success in small series. Systemic disease is treated with systemic chemotherapies, including monoclonal antibodies and radio-tagged monoclonal agents. Pigmented lesions of the conjunctiva are life threatening, and surgery remains the mainstay of treatment. In cases of unresectable disease, and as adjuvants, medical therapies are needed. Mitomycin has an effect against pigmented cells. While imperfect, it reduces ocular surface pigmentation. The use of IFNα-2b has been reported with less success. Novel checkpoint inhibitors targeting programed cell death 1 (PD-1), such as pembrolizumab, have shown early potential for pigmented lesions of the ocular surface, but additional data is needed to understand their role in conjunctival melanoma