Les architectes en coworking. Ou le renouvellement d’une figure de l’architecte

En 2018, l’observatoire démographique et économique de la profession d’architecte publié par le conseil national de l’Ordre, introduit pour la première fois le coworking comme l’un des principaux outils de collaboration utilisés par les architectes. La collaboration apparaît comme l’une des formes d’exercice transformant la pratique de l’architecture, et par conséquent le choix des lieux. Cet article s’intéresse aux enjeux de la transformation des activités des agences des architectes travaillant en coworking, ainsi qu’aux raisons qui encouragent les architectes à s’installer dans les espaces de coworking : dans quelle mesure le coworking participe à la pratique de l’architecte ? Et de quel architecte s’agit-il ? Il ne s’agit pas de retracer l’histoire ou la gestion managériale des agences mais de saisir ce que les architectes tirent de ces lieux en coworking à un moment (2016-2020) où la profession rencontre des modifications législatives et des représentations dévalorisantes, notamment la diminution du leadership des architectes sur les projets, comme le reflète la loi ELAN par exemple.In 2018, the demographic and economic observatory of the architectural profession, published by the French National Council of Architects, introduced coworking as one of the main collaboration tools used by architects for the first time. Collaboration appears to be one of the ways that marks the transformations of the practice of architecture, and therefore the architect’s choice of workspace. In this article, we will focus on the relationships between the transformations of the activities of architectural agencies who practice coworking, as well as on the reasons that encourage architects to settle in coworking spaces: between being a model or an opportunity, to what extent does coworking participate in the practice of the architect? This article does not seek to trace the history or managerial aspect of agencies, but to understand what architects get from these places, in a context where the profession is undergoing legislative changes and devaluing representations — in particular the decrease in the leadership of architects on projects, as reflected in the ELAN law, for example

Speech planning as an index of speech motor control maturity

International audienceThis paper investigates speech motor control maturity in 4-year-old Canadian French children. Acoustic and ultrasound data recorded from four children, and for comparison, from four adults, are presented and analyzed. Maturity of speech motor control is assessed by measuring two characteristics: token-to-token variability of isolated vowels, as a measure of motor control accuracy, and extra-syllabic anticipatory coarticulation within V1-C-V2 sequences. In line with theories of optimal motor control, anticipatory coarticulation is assumed to be based on the use of internal models of the speech apparatus and its efficiency is considered to reflect the maturity of these representations. In agreement with former studies, token-to-token variability is larger in children than in adults. An anticipation of V2 in V1 was found in all adults but in none of the children studied so far. These results indicate that children's speech motor control is immature from two perspectives: insufficiently accurate motor control patterns for vowel production, and inability to anticipate forthcoming gestures. Both aspects are discussed and interpreted in the context of the immaturity of the internal representations of the speech motor apparatus in 4-year-old children

Speech planning in 4-year-old children versus adults: Acoustic and articulatory analyses

International audienceThis study investigates speech motor control in 4-year-old Canadian French children in comparison with adults. It focuses on measures of token-to-token variability in the production of isolated vowels and on anticipatory extra-syllabic coarticulation within V 1-C-V 2 sequences. Acoustic and ultrasound articulatory data were recorded. Acoustic data from 20 children and 10 adults have been analyzed. Thus far, ultrasound data have been analyzed from a subset of these participants: 6 children and 2 adults. In agreement with former studies, token-to-token variability was greater in children than in adults. Strong anticipation of V 2 in V 1 was found in all adults, but not in children. Most of the children showed no anticipation at all and some of them showed a small amount of anticipation along the antero-posterior dimension only, manifested in the acoustic F2 dimension. These results are interpreted as evidence for the immaturity of children's speech motor control from two perspectives: insufficiently stable motor control patterns for vowel production, and a lack of effectiveness in anticipating forthcoming gestures. In line with theories of optimal motor control, anticipatory coarticulation is assumed to be based on the use of internal models of the speech apparatus and the increasing maturation of these representations as speech develops

Speech motor control in 4-year-old children versus adults: anticipation as an index of speech motor control maturity

International audienceLearning to speak involves control of the oro-­‐facial articulators, as well as the construction of relationships between motor commands and auditory and somatosensory sensations. The main goal of this study is to further investigate the hypothesis that differences in speech production between children and adults can be explained on the basis of speech motor control maturity. With this aim, we have designed a speech production study focused on two indices: token-­‐to-­‐token variability in the production of isolated vowels, and extra-­‐syllabic anticipatory coarticulation within V1-­ C-­‐V2 sequences. Token-­‐to-­‐token variability reflects the maturation of speech motor control in terms of motor patterns for the production of a given target speech sound. In line with theories of optimal motor control, anticipatory coarticulationis assumed to be based on the use of internal models, i.e. sensorimotor representations of speech sounds, and the amplitude of anticipatory coarticulation is presumed to reflect the increasing maturation of these sensorimotor representations as speech develops. Our hypothesis is that the neural representations of the speech motor systemsof four-­‐year-­‐old children are immature, particularly in their inability to account for the appropriate variability compatible with correct perception of the target sound, leading to a lack of effectiveness in anticipating forthcoming gestures

Avant-propos: Informer sous algorithmes

Le développement des médias numériques, parce qu’il bouleverse les codes et déstabilise les normes professionnelles et les modèles économiques, remet au premier plan dans le monde de l’information des enjeux d’écriture, de format, et donc de poétique, qui ont joué un rôle prépondérant avant que le journalisme ne s’autonomise largement de la littérature. Au tournant des années 2020, l’écriture de l’information se trouve aux prises avec une nouvelle contrainte : le pouvoir des algorithmes. Ce ..

Acquisition of serial order in speech production: An ultrasound study of typical 4-year-old Canadian French children

International audienceThis study investigates the process by which young children learn to produce sequences of speech sounds in an adult-like manner. Learning to produce speech sounds requires precise motor control of several oro-facial muscles and the ability to link these motor activations both with articulatory movements in the vocal tract(via somatosensory feedback) and with acoustic realizations (via auditory feedback). During this first learning phase, a number of agonistic and antagonistic muscle synergisms aredeveloped. The acquisition of serial order in speech production implies, in addition to these skills,the ability to plan and execute sequences of motor commands with fine temporal coordination. In line with theories of optimal motor control, gesture planning is assumed to make use of neural representations (internal models) of the motor system in order to minimize some measure of cost in producing sequences of movements. In this framework, the efficiency of speech planning is considered to reflect the maturity of these neural representations

Les architectes en coworking. Ou le renouvellement d’une figure de l’architecte

In 2018, the demographic and economic observatory of the architectural profession, published by the French National Council of Architects, introduced coworking as one of the main collaboration tools used by architects for the first time. Collaboration appears to be one of the ways that marks the transformations of the practice of architecture, and therefore the architect’s choice of workspace. In this article, we will focus on the relationships between the transformations of the activities of architectural agencies who practice coworking, as well as on the reasons that encourage architects to settle in coworking spaces: between being a model or an opportunity, to what extent does coworking participate in the practice of the architect? This article does not seek to trace the history or managerial aspect of agencies, but to understand what architects get from these places, in a context where the profession is undergoing legislative changes and devaluing representations — in particular the decrease in the leadership of architects on projects, as reflected in the ELAN law, for example

Effect of simultaneous lip-tube and auditory feedback perturbations

International audienceIn a series of previous experiments, it has been shown that when required to produce the back rounded vowel /u/ with a lip-tube perturbation that prevents lip rounding, speakers reached the auditory goal associated with /u/ by altering their tongue position. In the present study, the importance of sensory feedback was further investigated by combining lip-tube and auditory feedback perturbations. Fifteen adult francophone speakers produced 5 blocks of ten /u/ tokens under various conditions (following and preceding a baseline condition). First, tokens were produced when the speakers had a lip-tube in place (predicted to increase F1 and F2) as well as a real-time auditory feedback perturbation (designed to cancel the acoustic effects of the lip-tube, that is, to decrease F2 and F1). Next, only the lip-tube perturbation was applied, with and without white noise. Formant values for each condition were extracted at the vowel midpoint. Although most speakers produced a larger compensatory response with the lip-tube alone condition than with the combined lip-tube and auditory perturbation condition, all speakers produced altered formants in the latter condition. This suggests that speakers try to reduce auditory and somatosensory feedback errors during speech production, with a speaker-specific weighting of each sensory modality