Beyond Standard Model: Structure Factors of Models of Different Quarks and Neutrinos as Spinning Structures Made of Basic Fractional Charges +- e/3

We consider a possible line of “elementary” particles as composite spinning structures made of just two basic elementary particles of charges + e/3 and -e/3. In considered structures, up to 3 basic charges can be on the axis of rotation and other charges can be in a revolving motion about the axis. In addition to the simplest structures of quarks, an electron and a neutral particle containing mostly one or no charges on the axis of rotation, suggested initially in [4], we analyze possible spatial structures of spinning composite particles having 2 or 3 charges on the axis of rotation. The net force on any charge that is on the axis of rotation must be zero. The net force on any charge revolving in circular orbits about the axis must be non-zero and be directed toward the axis of rotation. Considering that all the forces in the suggested structures are of EM origin, we calculated form factors of spatial arrangements of different spinning structures of the total charges of -e/3 (similar to a d-quark), +2e/3 (similar to a u-quark), -e (similar to an electron), and 0e (assumed to be neutrinos). All the considered structures but one have a non-zero angular momentum (spin) due to a rotational motion of particles and non-zero magnetic moments due to rotational motion of electric charges so they are fermions. One composite structure has a non-zero spin but zero electric charge and zero magnetic moment, so it is likely a boson

Neutrino’s Non-Zero Electric Potential As An Origin Of Gravitation, Domain Structure And Expansion Of The Universe.

The axial electric potentials of neutrinos as neutral composite structures, while being very small at large distances, do not vanish, and the same can be said about the neutrino “asymmetric dipoles” (paired neutrinos of not the same kind). Depending on the orientation of the “asymmetric dipole”, its far-field electric potential in some direction can be positive or negative, interacting with other “dipoles” at that large distance attractively or repulsively depending on their mutual orientation. The mutual orientation of the dipoles locally (inside a galaxy) might be such that they are aligned and experience the attractive force toward the local center of the system of “dipoles”, and this can be the source of attractive interaction called gravitation. The dipoles near some other local center (in some other galaxy) will be aligned in such a way that they are attracted to that local center (a galaxy) and repelled from other local centers (other galaxies). That can cause the Universe to expand. The Universe can be considered as having a domain structure where the neutral “asymmetric dipoles” are oriented toward the centers of the local domains (resulting in the attraction) while that “local alignments” in different galaxies causes a repulsion between the domains (galaxies). We think that such EM mechanism of attraction and repulsion of neutral matter can for the first logically explain the coexistence of the attractive local gravitation inside the galaxies and the repulsive interaction between the remote galaxies leading to the expansion of the Universe

Equilibrium State of an Electron-positron Pair

It is shown that a stable electron-positron pair can exist and be in equilibrium, without recombining. The unlike charges in the electron-positron pair are held apart from each other near the equilibrium position where the attractive Coulomb’s force between unlike charges and the repelling force between the spin magnetic moments balance out each other. An electron-positron pair can be considered as an oscillator consisting of two masses on a spring. The calculations of the equilibrium distance and the effective “spring constant” of an electron-positron pair are presented. We suggest that free space might be a network of interacting electrons and positrons (the matter and antimatter particles) bounded together but held from recombining by the combination of the attractive Coulomb’s forces and the repelling magnetic forces between electrons and positrons

Beyond Standard Model: neutrino-antineutrino pairs in nuclear reactions of beta-decay and proton-neutron transmutation.

On examples of different beta-decay reactions, we show that the neutrino-antineutrino pairs should be added as necessary reagents to the equations of the decay reactions where a neutrino or an antineutrino is among the products of the reaction. In our models, quarks and leptons are all made of basic fractional +-e/3 charges. Transfer of basic charges between reagents forms the products of the reaction. We suggest that there is no direct conversion of u-quark to d-quark and visa versa. Each transmutation involves a transfer of basic charges from a neutrino to a quark so the structure of remaining charges in the neutrino is a new quark and the quark receiving the charges is an electron or a positron. We suggest that a neutrino-antineutrino pair should be added as an essential reagent into the equation of the reaction of production of a deuteron out of two protons in the proton-proton chain which is an essential part of the fusion chain of reactions

Electron And Other Quarks As Particles Made Of Elementary Particles Of Charge e/3 And Mass me/6

We suggest that the first-generation quarks are not elementary particles, but structures made of a basic elementary particle of charge e/3 and its antiparticle, interacting via an electrostatic force. The structures are suggested for d-quark as consisting of one positive and two negative basic elementary charges, for u-quark as a structure with one negative and three positive basic charges, for an electron as a quark with one positive and four negative basic charges, and for one more quark made of one positive and one negative basic charge. All the suggested structures are in a spinning motion and are stable. The spins of an electron and other quarks are explained as being the quantized orbital angular momenta of the suggested structures. The mass m of the basic elementary particle had been determined as 1.52·10-31 kg, or one-sixth of the electron mass