36 research outputs found
A lifeline to treatment: the role of Indian generic manufacturers in supplying antiretroviral medicines to developing countries
<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>Indian manufacturers of generic antiretroviral (ARV) medicines facilitated the rapid scale up of HIV/AIDS treatment in developing countries though provision of low-priced, quality-assured medicines. The legal framework in India that facilitated such production, however, is changing with implementation of the World Trade Organization Agreement on Trade-Related Aspects of Intellectual Property Rights, and intellectual property measures being discussed in regional and bilateral free trade agreement negotiations. Reliable quantitative estimates of the Indian role in generic global ARV supply are needed to understand potential impacts of such measures on HIV/AIDS treatment in developing countries.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>We utilized transactional data containing 17,646 donor-funded purchases of ARV tablets made by 115 low- and middle-income countries from 2003 to 2008 to measure market share, purchase trends and prices of Indian-produced generic ARVs compared with those of non-Indian generic and brand ARVs.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>Indian generic manufacturers dominate the ARV market, accounting for more than 80% of annual purchase volumes. Among paediatric ARV and adult nucleoside and non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor markets, Indian-produced generics accounted for 91% and 89% of 2008 global purchase volumes, respectively. From 2003 to 2008, the number of Indian generic manufactures supplying ARVs increased from four to 10 while the number of Indian-manufactured generic products increased from 14 to 53. Ninety-six of 100 countries purchased Indian generic ARVs in 2008, including high HIV-burden sub-Saharan African countries. Indian-produced generic ARVs used in first-line regimens were consistently and considerably less expensive than non-Indian generic and innovator ARVs. Key ARVs newly recommended by the World Health Organization are three to four times more expensive than older regimens.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Indian generic producers supply the majority of ARVs in developing countries. Future scale up using newly recommended ARVs will likely be hampered until Indian generic producers can provide the dramatic price reductions and improved formulations observed in the past. Rather than agreeing to inappropriate intellectual property obligations through free trade agreements, India and its trade partners - plus international organizations, donors, civil society and pharmaceutical manufacturers - should ensure that there is sufficient policy space for Indian pharmaceutical manufacturers to continue their central role in supplying developing countries with low-priced, quality-assured generic medicines.</p
Metalliferous coals of coals of Azey deposit in Irkutsk coal basin
ΠΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΡ ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΡ ΠΎΠ±ΡΡΠ»ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½Π° Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎΡΡΡΡ ΠΏΠΎΠΈΡΠΊΠ° Π½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠ² ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»ΡΡΡΠΈΡ
ΡΠ°Π·Π²ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ²ΡΠ΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈΠ½Π½ΠΎΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΎΠΌΠΈΠΊΠΈ. Π ΠΊΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΡΠ²Π΅ ΠΈΡ
ΠΏΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠ° ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΌΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»Ρ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ. ΠΠ·ΡΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π³Π΅ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠ΅ΠΉ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
ΠΈ Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΎΠ±Ρ
ΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΌΠΎ Π΄Π»Ρ ΠΎΡΠ΅Π½ΠΊΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠΉ, ΡΠ°Π·ΡΠ°Π±ΠΎΡΠΊΠΈ ΠΊΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ΅Π² Π²ΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΎΠ½ΠΎΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ΠΈΠΊ ΠΏΠΎ ΠΈΠ·Π²Π»Π΅ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ². ΠΠ΅ΡΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΡΠΌ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΡΠ²Π»ΡΠ΅ΡΡΡ ΠΠ·Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ΅ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅, Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΡΠ΄Π° ΡΠ΅Π½Π½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² Π΄ΠΎΡΡΠΈΠ³Π°Π΅Ρ Π²ΠΎΠ·ΠΌΠΎΠΆΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΠΌΡΡΠ»Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎ Π·Π½Π°ΡΠΈΠΌΡΡ
ΡΡΠ΄Π½ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΠΉ. Π¦Π΅Π»Ρ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠΉ: Π²ΡΡΠ²ΠΈΡΡ Π³Π΅ΠΎΡ
ΠΈΠΌΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΠΎΡΠΎΠ±Π΅Π½Π½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ Π½Π°Ρ
ΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
, Π·ΠΎΠ»Π°Ρ
ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΈ Π½Π΅ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΡΠΎΡΠ»ΠΎΡΡ
ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΠ·Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ. ΠΠ±ΡΠ΅ΠΊΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ ΠΈΡΡΠ»Π΅Π΄ΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΠ²Π»ΡΡΡΡΡ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΈ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅Π²ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°ΡΡΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ ΠΠ·Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΡΠΊΡΡΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ Π±Π°ΡΡΠ΅ΠΉΠ½Π°. ΠΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄Ρ: ΠΈΠ½ΡΡΡΡΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΉ Π½Π΅ΠΉΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½ΠΎ-Π°ΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π°ΡΠΈΠΎΠ½Π½ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΠΌΠ°ΡΡ-ΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΠΎΠ΄ Ρ ΠΈΠ½Π΄ΡΠΊΡΠΈΠ²Π½ΠΎ-ΡΠ²ΡΠ·Π°Π½Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΏΠ»Π°Π·ΠΌΠΎΠΉ, ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠ°Π·ΠΎΠ²ΡΠΉ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·, ΡΠΊΠ°Π½ΠΈΡΡΡΡΠ°Ρ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΊΡΡΠΎΠ½Π½Π°Ρ ΠΌΠΈΠΊΡΠΎΡΠΊΠΎΠΏΠΈΡ Ρ ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΠ³Π΅Π½ΠΎΡΠΏΠ΅ΠΊΡΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌ Π°Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΠ·ΠΎΠΌ, ΠΎΠ·ΠΎΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΠΏΡΠΎΠ± Ρ ΠΎΠΏΡΠ΅Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ Π·ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ ΠΈ Π²Π»Π°ΠΆΠ½ΠΎΡΡΠΈ, ΡΠΊΡΡΡΠ°Π³ΠΈΡΠΎΠ²Π°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ Π±ΠΈΡΡΠΌΠΎΠ² ΠΈ Π³ΡΠΌΠΈΠ½ΠΎΠ²ΡΡ
ΠΊΠΈΡΠ»ΠΎΡ. Π Π΅Π·ΡΠ»ΡΡΠ°ΡΡ. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½ΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ³Π»Π΅ΠΉ ΠΠ·Π΅ΠΉΡΠΊΠΎΠ³ΠΎ ΠΌΠ΅ΡΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΆΠ΄Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΡΡΠ΄ΠΎΠΌ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (REE, Sc, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th), Π²Π°ΠΆΠ½ΡΡ ΡΠΎΠ»Ρ Π² ΠΊΠΎΡΠΎΡΠΎΠΌ ΠΈΠ³ΡΠ°Π΅Ρ ΠΏΠΈΡΠΎΠΊΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠΉ ΠΌΠ°ΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ°Π» ΠΊΠ°ΠΊ ΠΈΡΡΠΎΡΠ½ΠΈΠΊ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ², ΡΠΎΡΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°Π½ΡΠ°Π»Π°, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Π³Π°ΡΠ½ΠΈΡ. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ ΡΠ³Π»ΠΈ ΠΈΠ· Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΠΎΠΊΠΈΡΠ»Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ Ρ
Π°ΡΠ°ΠΊΡΠ΅ΡΠΈΠ·ΡΡΡΡΡ Π°Π½ΠΎΠΌΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΠΎ Π²ΡΡΠΎΠΊΠΈΠΌΠΈ ΠΊΠΎΠ½ΡΠ΅Π½ΡΡΠ°ΡΠΈΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΈΡ
ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ² ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ (REE, Sc, Cr, Co, Au), ΠΏΡΠΈΠΏΠΎΡΠ²Π΅Π½Π½ΡΠ΅ Π·ΠΎΠ½Ρ ΡΠ³ΠΎΠ»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΠΏΠ»Π°ΡΡΠΎΠ² ΠΎΠ±ΠΎΠ³Π°ΡΠ΅Π½Ρ ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π»ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ΅Π΄ΠΊΠΎΠ·Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π»ΡΠ½ΡΠΌΠΈ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΈ, Sc, Co, Sb, Ta, Hf, Ba. ΠΡΡΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ Π½Π°Π»ΠΈΡΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΎΠΉ ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΠΈΠ·Π°ΡΠΈΠΈ Π² ΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
. Π£ΡΡΠ°Π½ΠΎΠ²Π»Π΅Π½ΠΎ, ΡΡΠΎ Π² ΠΌΠ°Π»ΠΎΡΠ΅ΡΠ½ΠΈΡΡΡΡ
ΡΠ³Π»ΡΡ
(~0,5 %) Ρ Π½ΠΈΠ·ΠΊΠΈΠΌ ΡΠΎΠ΄Π΅ΡΠΆΠ°Π½ΠΈΠ΅ΠΌ ΡΡΠ»ΡΡΠΈΠ΄Π½ΠΎΠΉ ΡΠ΅ΡΡ ΠΏΡΠ΅ΠΎΠ±Π»Π°Π΄Π°ΡΡ ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΡΠΎΡΠΌΡ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²-Ρ
Π°Π»ΡΠΊΠΎΡΠΈΠ»ΠΎΠ². ΠΡΠ΅Π³ΠΎ ΠΎΠ±Π½Π°ΡΡΠΆΠ΅Π½ΠΎ ΡΠ²ΡΡΠ΅ 80 ΠΌΠΈΠ½Π΅ΡΠ°Π»ΡΠ½ΡΡ
ΡΠΎΡΠΌ ΡΠ»Π΅ΠΌΠ΅Π½ΡΠΎΠ²-ΠΏΡΠΈΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ΅ΠΉ, Π² ΡΠΎΠΌ ΡΠΈΡΠ»Π΅ ΠΌΠΎΠ½Π°ΡΠΈΡ, Π±Π°ΡΡΠ½Π΅Π·ΠΈΡ, ΡΠΈΡΠΊΠΎΠ½, Π±Π°Π΄Π΄Π΅Π»Π΅ΠΈΡ, ΡΠ°ΠΌΠΎΡΠΎΠ΄Π½ΡΠ΅ ΠΈ ΠΈΠ½ΡΠ΅ΡΠΌΠ΅ΡΠ°Π»Π»ΠΈΡΠ΅ΡΠΊΠΈΠ΅ ΡΠΎΠ΅Π΄ΠΈΠ½Π΅Π½ΠΈΡ ΠΈ Ρ. Π΄.The relevance of the research is caused by the need to find new sources of valuable elements that determine the development of modern innovative economy. Coals and ashes of coals are considered as their perspective source. The study of geochemical characteristics of coal and modes of occurrence of chemical elements in coals and ashes of the coals is required for estimation of metal content in coal deposits and development of the criteria for detecting metalliferous coals and techniques for extraction of valuable elements. A promising source of valuable elements is Azeyskoe deposit, where the content of a number of valuable elements reaches possible industrially important ore concentrations. The main aim of the research is to study the geochemical characteristics and modes of occurrence of impurity elements in coals, coal ashes and noncoal intercalations in coal seams of Azeyskoe deposit. Objects of the research are coal and coal bearing rocks of Azeyskoe deposit of Irkutsk basin. Methods: instrumental neutron activation analysis, mass spectrometry method with inductively coupled plasma, x/ray phase analysis, scanning electron microscopy with x/ray spectral analysis, ashing with determination of ash content and humidity, extraction of bitumen and humic acids. Results. The authors have determined the enrichment of Azeiskoe deposit coals with a number of rare impurity elements (REE, Sc, Zr, Hf, Ta, Th). Pyroclastic material as a source of rare earth elements, thorium, tantalum, zirconium and hafnium, is very important in this enrichment. It was determined that the coals in oxidation zone are characterized by anomalously high concentrations of rare impurity elements (REE, Sc, Cr, Co, Au), bottom formation zones of coal seams are enriched with heavy rare earth elements, Sc, Co, Sb, Ta, Hf, Ba. Presence of native and intermetallic mineralization in coals is revealed. It is established that in low/sulfur coals (~0,5 %) with a low content of sulfide sulfur native forms of elements-chalcophiles prevail. In total, more than 80 mineral forms of impurity elements, including monazite, bastnezite, zircon, baddeleyite, native and intermetallic compounds, etc., were found out
Selbstwirksamkeit - ein zentraler Indikator der ErgebnisqualitΓ€t stationΓ€rer Psychotherapie
Selbstwirksamkeit - ein zentraler Indikator der ErgebnisqualitΓ€t stationΓ€rer Psychotherapie
Molecular imaging of breast cancer in a transgene mouse model [Molekulare Bildgebung des Mammakarzinoms in einem transgenen Mausmodell]
Background: Purpose of the study was to detect early breast cancer and its precursors by in vivo optical molecular imaging in an animal model. Material and methods: Females of the transgene mouse strain WAP-TNP8 develop non-invasive and consequently invasive tumours of the mammary glands due to specific expression of the viral SV40 large tumour antigen induced by lactation. The molecular target for imaging was extradomain-b fibronectin (EDB-FN), which is associated with tumour angiogenesis. The optical probe was designed as a compound of an anti-EDB-FN antibody fragment and a near-infrared fluorescent dye. 30h after intravenous injection of the contrast agent, optical imaging was performed using a pulsed Laser system for excitation and an intensified CCD-camera to record fluorescence images. After optical molecular imaging all animals were sacrified and the tumours were examined histologically. Results: Initiated transgene female animals developed palpable masses of the mammary gland within 6 months (median 4 months). Imaging was performed in 5 animals with a total of 9 tumours (diameter 2β7mm, median 4mm). Applying optical molecular imaging 8 of 9 tumours were detected. The urogenital tract was contrasted unspecifically. Histological examination proved invasive epithelial tumours of the mammary gland in all cases. Conclusion: Breast cancer can be detected in vivo by near-infrared fluorescence molecular imaging targeting neoangiogenesis in a transgene mouse-model