Traditional Chinese Medicine from 3.000 Years Ago; History, Present and Future

Traditional medicine is the name given to health practices that include different methods, such as plant, animal and/or mineral medicines, spiritual treatments, manual techniques and exercises, applied alone or in combination with other treatments to treat or prevent diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine is about 3.000 years old today, yet it finds itself in modern medicine, where diagnosis and treatment methods are rapidly worn out, the update is lost and the new technique is left to medicine and medicine. Traditional Chinese Medicine is quite different from modern medicine in terms of underlying philosophy and application methods. The purpose of this article is to discuss the historical development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the interaction of other societies with medical culture and medical practices, and the steps that are taken now and the steps that need to be taken in the future.Geleneksel tıp, hastalıkları tedavi etmek ya da önlemek için tek başına ya da başka tedavilerle beraber uygulanan; bitki, hayvan ve/veya mineral kaynaklı ilaçlar, ruhsal tedaviler, manuel teknikler ve egzersizler gibi farklı yöntemler içeren sağlığa ilişkin uygulamalara verilen isimdir. Geleneksel Çin tıbbı, günümüzden yaklaşık 3.000 yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır, buna rağmen tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerinin hızla eskitildiği, güncelliğini yitirdiği ve yerini yeni bulunan, teknik ve ilaçlara bıraktığı modern tıp içinde kendisine yer bulabilmektedir. Geleneksel Çin tıbbı, gerek altında yatan felsefesi gerekse uygulama yöntemleri açısından modern tıptan oldukça farklıdır. Bu çalışmada, geleneksel Çin tıbbının tarihi gelişiminin, diğer toplumların tıp kültürü ve tıp uygulamaları ile etkileşiminin ve günümüzde geldiği aşamanın ve gelecekte atılması gerekli olan adımların ele alınması amaçlanmıştır

Traditional Chinese Medicine from 3.000 Years Ago; History, Present and Future

Traditional medicine is the name given to health practices that include different methods, such as plant, animal and/or mineral medicines, spiritual treatments, manual techniques and exercises, applied alone or in combination with other treatments to treat or prevent diseases. Traditional Chinese medicine is about 3.000 years old today, yet it finds itself in modern medicine, where diagnosis and treatment methods are rapidly worn out, the update is lost and the new technique is left to medicine and medicine. Traditional Chinese Medicine is quite different from modern medicine in terms of underlying philosophy and application methods. The purpose of this article is to discuss the historical development of Traditional Chinese Medicine, the interaction of other societies with medical culture and medical practices, and the steps that are taken now and the steps that need to be taken in the future.Geleneksel tıp, hastalıkları tedavi etmek ya da önlemek için tek başına ya da başka tedavilerle beraber uygulanan; bitki, hayvan ve/veya mineral kaynaklı ilaçlar, ruhsal tedaviler, manuel teknikler ve egzersizler gibi farklı yöntemler içeren sağlığa ilişkin uygulamalara verilen isimdir. Geleneksel Çin tıbbı, günümüzden yaklaşık 3.000 yıl öncesine dayanmaktadır, buna rağmen tanı ve tedavi yöntemlerinin hızla eskitildiği, güncelliğini yitirdiği ve yerini yeni bulunan, teknik ve ilaçlara bıraktığı modern tıp içinde kendisine yer bulabilmektedir. Geleneksel Çin tıbbı, gerek altında yatan felsefesi gerekse uygulama yöntemleri açısından modern tıptan oldukça farklıdır. Bu çalışmada, geleneksel Çin tıbbının tarihi gelişiminin, diğer toplumların tıp kültürü ve tıp uygulamaları ile etkileşiminin ve günümüzde geldiği aşamanın ve gelecekte atılması gerekli olan adımların ele alınması amaçlanmıştır

BEYOND A GAME: PEER EDUCATION TO SEPARATE FOOTBALL AND VIOLENCE

Football, one of the sports with roots in history, has been associated with violence and tragedy in various countries. Several studies have tried to understand the nature and structure of hooliganism and its common cross-national characteristics, severity, and causes. Although existing literature suggests a variety of strategies to prevent violence in football, it is widely accepted that there must be grassroots movements and self-awareness, besides these measures,to reduce cases of aggressionin football. This study, whichwas awardedthe Fair Play prize in 2014 by the Turkish Olympic Committee, focuses on training fans using the peer education methodology. The young fans of Beşiktaş Football Club implemented a peer education program and conducted an online survey to assess itseffectiveness and understand the participants’ perceptions and reflections regarding the causes of and methods to preventfootball hooliganism.The results suggest that the training program was effective and that it should be disseminated to reach all other associations to achieve results that are more positive

An increasing problem in publication ethics: Publication bias and editors' role in avoiding it.

Publication bias is defined as "the tendency on the parts of investigators, reviewers, and editors to submit or accept manuscripts for publication based on the direction or the strength of the study findings." Publication bias distorts the accumulated data in the literature, causes the over estimation of potential benefits of intervention and mantles the risks and adverse effects, and creates a barrier to assessing the clinical utility of drugs as well as evaluating the long-term safety of medical interventions. The World Medical Association, the International Committee of Medical Journals, and the Committee on Publication Ethics have conferred responsibilities and ethical obligations to editors concerning the avoidance of publication bias. Despite the explicit statements in these international documents, the editors' role in and ability to avoid publication bias is still being discussed. Unquestionably, all parties involved in clinical research have the ultimate responsibility to sustain the research integrity and validity of accumulated general knowledge. Cooperation and commitment is required at every step of a clinical trial. However, this holistic approach does not exclude effective measures to be taken at the editors' level. The editors of major medical journals concluded that one precaution that editors can take is to mandate registration of all clinical trials in a public repository as a precondition to submitting manuscripts to journals. Raising awareness regarding the value of publishing negative data for the scientific community and human health, and increasing the number of journals that are dedicated to publishing negative results or that set aside a section in their pages to do so, are positive steps editors can take to avoid publication bias

Main Ethical Breaches in Multicenter Clinical Trials Regulations of Turkey

Turkey has been a growing market for multicenter clinical trials for the last ten years and is considered among the top ten countries in terms of potential study subject populations. The objective of increasing the share of Turkey in multicenter clinical trials is strongly supported. This ambitious goal of Turkey raises the need to have regulations in compliance with other leading countries conducting clinical trials. The latest published Turkish regulations on clinical trials are structured in compliance with the International Conference on Harmonization (ICH) Guidelines and in harmony with the regulations of other leading countries in clinical research, such as the US. There are still flaws in Turkish regulation with the risk of violating human subjects' rights and issues with responsible conduct of research. The aim of this article is to compare Turkish clinical trials regulations with those of the US, to determine if there exists any incompatibility between the countries' regulations and, if so, how to ameliorate these. The main flaws in Turkish clinical trials regulations are identified as follows: lack of definition of the term "human subject; absence of explicit referral to the unacceptability of Conflict of Interest (COI) and taking measures to avoid it; exiguity of emphasis on plurality of the IRB members; nonexistence of a clear expression that this is research; and clinical equipoise, regarding the treatment of the existing clinical problem and lack of integration with international accreditation systems for Institutional Review Boards

Seçilmiş vakalarla araştırma etiğinin kısa tarihçesi

review articleResearch ethics improved by the increase in number and variety of clinical and sociological research on human subjects. The developments in medicine and technology produced possibilities which were not present in the years when research ethics concept first came up. The researches which started with pure scientific curiosity led to unforeseen ethical discussions. At the end of these ethical discussions new concepts are developed, legislations are passed or updated. This manuscript addresses the cases which are considered as corner stones of research ethics in twentieth and twenty first century up to date and defines the ethical discussions and their results, starting from the first informed consent by Walter Reed and proceed in chronological order. Apart from clinic research on human subjects, sociologic research such as Tearoom Trade Study and public health research such as Kennedy Kruiger Lead Study are addressed to provide a wider perspective. Finally ethical discussions arising from newborn blood tests are referred, to remark ethical implications of genetics and biobanks.İnsan denekler üzerinde yapılan klinik ve sosyolojik araştırmaların artması ve çeşitlenmesi araştırma etiğinin gelişmesine katkıda bulunmuştur. Tıp ve teknolojideki ilerlemeler klinik araştırmaların ilk gündeme geldiği zamanlarda bulunmayan imkânları ortaya çıkarmıştır. Çoğu zaman bilimsel merak ile girişilen araştırmalar, başlangıçta öngörülemeyen etik tartışmalara yol açmıştır. Tartışmalar sonucunda yeni etik kavramlar ortaya atılmış ve çoğu zaman yeni yasal düzenlemeler geliştirilmiş ya da var olanlar güncellenmek durumunda kalınmıştır.Bu makalede yirminci ve yirmi birinci yüzyılda geldiğimiz güne kadar öne çıkan ve araştırma etiğinde dönüm noktası olarak değerlendirilebilecek seçili bazı vakalar ele alınmış ve bu vakaların etik açıdan yarattığı tartışmalar ve bu tartışmaların sonuçlarına değinilmiştir. Bu amaçla on dokuzuncu yüzyılın son yıllarında Walter Reed tarafından hazırlanan ilk aydınlatılmış onam metninden başlanarak kronolojik olarak ilerlenmiştir. İnsan denekler üzerinde yapılan klinik araştırmalar yanı sıra, Tearoom Trade Study gibi klinik dışı sosyolojik araştırmalara ve Kennedy Kreiger Kurşun Zehirlenmesi Araştırmaları gibi klinik dışında gerçekleşen halk sağlığı araştırmalarına da yer verilerek araştırma etiğine daha geniş bir perspektiften yaklaşılmaya çalışılmıştır. Son olarak yeni doğan kan testlerinde ortaya çıkan etik tartışmalara yer verilerek genetik, biyobankalar gibi araştırma etiğinin sorunlarına dikkat çekilmiştir

Patient’s rights in cross-border healthcare (Directive 2011/24/EU) and how it applies to Turkey as a negotiating candidate country

Cross-border healthcare and patient mobility across European Union Member States has been on the agenda of EU Commission for the last decade. Directive 2011/24/EU on the application of patients' rights in cross-border healthcare went into force in 2013. The Directive mainly addresses the responsibilities of Member States in cross-border healthcare, regulates reimbursement procedure, and coordinates European reference networks and health technology assessment in the EU. The Directive has direct and indirect implications on Turkish health system. In this article, first an overview of Directive 2011/24/EU is addressed with special attention to its relation to patient rights and other EU legislations. Then, Turkish citizens' position in the scope of EU legislation on patient rights is considered. Finally, the ethical implications of the Directive, conceptualisation of cross-border patient mobility, and Turkey's particular position among other candidate countries regarding cross-border healthcare is discussed

Health and Roma People in Turkey

Background: The research and published literature on Roma health in Turkey is much more limited than in other European countries. Among these, there are hardly any published literature focusing on the health status, health indicators and health behaviors. Aims: The aim of this research is to describe the per-ceptions of health-related concepts and access and the use of health services and social determinants of the health of Roma people in Turkey.Study Design: Descriptive qualitative survey.Methods: The participants were chosen by random sampling. The semi-structured interview topic guide was developed from sources such as advice from the Romani community leaders, published evidence and personal experience from previous work with Roma communities. Non-directive open-ended questions al-lowed the exploration of their health status, how they conceptualize health and disease, their level of aware-ness on the impact of social determinants of health, on their health status and the access and use of health services. The data analysis was based on grounded theory. Analysis proceeded in four steps: 1. Reading and examining the transcripts separately using open coding, 2. Extracting the key words and codes from the transcripts and sorting them into categories, 3. Re-reading the transcripts by using selective coding, and 4. Examining the categories derived from the open coding systematically and determining the concepts summarizing the material.Results: The survey results are compatible with the existing literature on Roma health and reveal that 1) there is a tight link between the lack of social deter-minants of health and the poor health status of Roma people 2) socioeconomic factors and cultural norms of the ethnic minority are suspicious factors 3) compara-tive and systematic research is needed to illuminate the actual health gaps and causal factors for them.Conclusion: The research proves that the need for comparative and systematic research in Turkey to de-termine the actual health status of Roma people and develop policies to combat the health disparities is profound

Physicians’ Ethical Dilemmas in the Context of Anti-Doping Practices

The World Anti-Doping Code states that, there is an intrinsic value about sports that is the celebration of the human spirit, body and mind, and is reflected in values other than winning or being the first in any sports game. The spirit of sports includes ethics, fair play and honesty. Anti-doping practices are based on this ethical ground and supported all through the world. However, recently with the arguments that there is no substantial definition of the term “spirit of sports”, and that the fights against doping is based on questionable ethical grounds consisting of dubious claims about fairness in sports and terms such as “level playing field”. Medical ethics is involved in this discussion because of the crucial role of physicians in anti-doping policies and practices as well as developing and administering ergogenic substances or methods for athletes. This role of physicians raises ethical questions regarding physician-patient relationship, principle of non-male ficence, privacy and confidentiality of patient, and fairness and justice in the macro allocation of resources. The aim of this paper is to discuss ethical arguments on anti-doping practices and policies and, to further evaluate current anti-doping practices in the context of medical ethics

Health and Roma People; A Qualitative Research on Roma People in Turkey

[No abstract available