430 research outputs found

    Characterization of sediment dynamics in an estuary environment using acoustic techniques

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    In recent years, acoustic-based methods have been developed to characterize the dynamical behavior of loose sediments and bed deposits in very shallow water environments. In this paper, we present preliminary results on the estimation of the dynamic changes in an estuarine environment using data from dual-frequency echosounding at high resolution and contemporaneous hydrological measurements including suspended matter concentration, density subbottom profiling, and data assimilation based on a sediment transport model. Those measurements are being conducted in the lower estuary of the Scheldt (Belgium) at the Sint Anna site where strong tide and season-dependent phenomena can be observed. This allows us to construct a ground-truthed, time-dependent geoacoustic model of the environment, i.e., a characterization of sound speed, density, and attenuation in function of time and depth. Synthetic acoustic data generated by that model will then be used to test inversion methods for monitoring sediment dynamics in real time

    Les prĂ©s vergers de pommiers Ă  cidre et les agroforĂȘts de cacaoyers

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    La rĂ©Ă©dition de l’article « L’adieu sans regret aux pommiers hautes tiges en Bretagne », publiĂ© dans les actes du sĂ©minaire de l’École nationale supĂ©rieure du paysage de Versailles (2001), est l’occasion de fournir des Ă©lĂ©ments de comparaison avec d’autres rĂ©gions productrices de fruits dans lesquelles nous avons Ă©galement rĂ©alisĂ© des enquĂȘtes auprĂšs de plusieurs gĂ©nĂ©rations d’agriculteurs d’une mĂȘme famille. Une culture tropicale, la cacaoculture, semble particuliĂšrement bien illustrer l’évolution rĂ©cente de l’agriculture dans le monde, et les divergences d’opinion qu’elle suscite Ă  travers les gĂ©nĂ©rations. Notre analyse comparative est fondĂ©e sur la base de rĂ©sultats de recherche obtenus dans les rĂ©gions du Guayas (Équateur) et du Chiapas (Mexique). Les tĂ©moignages recueillis mettent en lumiĂšre des rĂ©actions diffĂ©renciĂ©es dont l’origine relĂšve moins d’un contexte gĂ©ographique caractĂ©risĂ© que d’une inĂ©gale appropriation des innovations technico-agronomiques dĂ©veloppĂ©es par des instituts de recherche ou des firmes multinationales. Les politiques publiques pĂšsent de tout leur poids sur les stratĂ©gies d’exploitation privilĂ©giĂ©es par les agriculteurs dans le sens oĂč elles leur offrent, Ă  juste titre ou non, des perspectives Ă©conomiques. L’industrie agroalimentaire dans son recouvrement le plus large dĂ©stabilise Ă©galement le socle de l’identitĂ© paysanne en disqualifiant les savoir-faire locaux, dont les pratiques agricoles et les variĂ©tĂ©s culturales. Dans les trois rĂ©gions citĂ©es, elles correspondent chacune Ă  des terroirs fruitiers reconnus Ă  l’échelle nationale et/ou internationale, le constat est finalement assez proche.The new edition of the article “A Non-nostalgic Goodbye to Brittany’s standard Orchards”, published in the conference report of the École nationale supĂ©rieure du paysage de Versailles (2001), gives the opportunity to offer some comparative elements with other fruit-growing regions in which we also conducted some surveys on several generations of farmers of the same family. A tropical culture – cocoa growing – seems to illustrate particularly well the recent evolution of agriculture worldwide, and the diverging opinions it raises through the generations. Our comparative analysis is based on the results of the researches we led in the regions of Guayas (Ecuador) and of Chiapas (Mexico). The various testimonies bring light to the different reactions – whose origins can be found less in a characterized geographical context than in an unequal appropriation of the technical and agronomical innovations, developed by the research institutes or by some multinational firms. The public policies have a great influence on the strategies of exploitation favoured by the farmers, in the sense where they offer them – deservedly or not – some economic perspectives. The food industry, in its largest meaning, also destabilize the rural identity by discrediting the local know-how – including the rural practises and the cultural varieties. In the three regions mentioned, each one of them corresponds to fruit lands recognized on a national and/or international scale with a quite close final assessment

    La géographie des phytotoponymes en Bretagne

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    L’étude des noms de lieux, de leur origine, de leurs rapports avec les langues parlĂ©es ou disparues nous livre de prĂ©cieuses informations quant Ă  l’évolution des relations entre les sociĂ©tĂ©s et leur environnement. Au mĂȘme titre que la topographie ou l’installation des premiĂšres structures religieuses, les plantes ont Ă©tĂ© une source d’inspiration importante dans la construction sociale des territoires. Ces phytotoponymes lĂšvent Ă  la fois le voile sur les prĂ©fĂ©rences des populations habitantes et l’intensitĂ© de leur lien avec les plantes, mais surtout ils dĂ©crivent un milieu plus ou moins façonnĂ© par l’homme. Le prĂ©sent article propose de dresser un inventaire des noms de lieux d’origine vĂ©gĂ©tale en Bretagne et d’en Ă©tudier la distribution spatiale.A strategy more or less purposeful to name the place of life is necessary to appropriate a territory. Thus the toponymy concretises a frame of mind specific to particular sociocultural contexts, it conveys the way which societies face up to an environment. Within this framework, the plants, like topography or hydrography were useful, and from time immemorial, to locate them. This paper proposes to draw up an inventory of the phytotoponyms in Britany and to study their spatial distribution

    La diffusion de l'olĂ©iculture dans les vallĂ©es du Moyen Atlas, un moyen pour protĂ©ger et restaurer les forĂȘts (Khenifra, Maroc) -

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    La sĂ©dentarisation des populations semi-nomades dans des communes du Moyen Atlas (Maroc) s'accompagne d'une rĂ©gression rapide des surfaces forestiĂšres. Dans certains douars, prĂšs de 70% des terrains boisĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© dĂ©truits au cours des derniĂšres dĂ©cennies ou sont fortement dĂ©gradĂ©s. Trois facteurs expliqueraient ce repli : le surpĂąturage, les prĂ©lĂšvements dĂ©lictueux de bois et depuis 1992, la rĂ©pĂ©tition des sĂ©cheresses. Pour prĂ©server les ressources forestiĂšres, le Haut Commissariat des Eaux et ForĂȘts et Ă  la lutte contre la dĂ©sertification restaure des sols Ă©rodĂ©s en installant des pinĂšdes, prend en charge la gestion des forĂȘts de protection et finance des campagnes de plantation d'arbres fruitiers Ă  travers tout le pays. L'objet du prĂ©sent article est de mieux comprendre les relations entre les populations locales et leurs forĂȘts, et de s'interroger sur l'efficacitĂ© ressentie des politiques publiques en matiĂšre de protection des ressources forestiĂšre

    Etablissement des références nationales, en termes de dose absorbée, par calorimétrie dans l'eau, pour les faisceaux de rayons X de moyenne énergie, applicables en radiothérapie

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    Les rĂ©fĂ©rences actuelles, pour les rayons X de moyenne Ă©nergie en radiothĂ©rapie, sont Ă©tablies au LNHB en termes de kerma dans l air. La dose absorbĂ©e dans l eau, grandeur d intĂ©rĂȘt pour la radiothĂ©rapie, est dĂ©duite de ces valeurs par transfert conformĂ©ment aux protocoles internationaux. Ce travail de thĂšse a permit d Ă©tablir les rĂ©fĂ©rences en termes de dose absorbĂ©e dans l eau dans les conditions de rĂ©fĂ©rence des protocoles en utilisant la mĂ©thode de calorimĂ©trie dans l eau. La calorimĂ©trie est la mesure de la dose absorbĂ©e Ă  partir de l Ă©lĂ©vation de tempĂ©rature. Un calorimĂštre-eau a Ă©tĂ© conçu et rĂ©alisĂ© afin d effectuer des mesures Ă  2 cm de profondeur : conditions de rĂ©fĂ©rence dĂ©finies par le protocole AIEA TRS-398. Les dĂ©bits de dose absorbĂ©e dans l eau ainsi dĂ©terminĂ©s ont Ă©tĂ© comparĂ©s aux valeurs issues de l application des protocoles fondĂ©s sur le kerma dans l air. Un Ă©cart maximum infĂ©rieur Ă  2.1 % a Ă©tĂ© trouvĂ© par rapport Ă  la calorimĂ©trie. L incertitude type associĂ©e aux valeurs calorimĂ©triques Ă©tant infĂ©rieure Ă  0.8 % et celle associĂ©e aux valeurs issues des protocoles Ă©tant de l ordre de 3.0 %, les rĂ©sultats sont compatibles aux incertitudes des mĂ©thodes prĂšs. GrĂące Ă  ces nouvelles rĂ©fĂ©rences, la dĂ©termination de la dose absorbĂ©e dans l eau dans ce type de faisceau pourra dĂ©sormais ĂȘtre rĂ©alisĂ©e en appliquant le protocole AIEA TRS-398, conduisant ainsi Ă  une forte rĂ©duction des incertitudes (facteur 3 par rapport au protocole AIEA TRS-277). Actuellement, aucun autre laboratoire primaire ne possĂšde un tel instrument permettant l Ă©tablissement direct de ces rĂ©fĂ©rences dans les conditions recommandĂ©es par les protocoles.LNE-LNHB current references for medium energy X-rays are established in terms of air kerma. Absorbed dose to water, which is the quantity of interest for radiotherapy, is obtained by transfer dosimetric techniques following a methodology described in international protocols. The aim of the thesis is to establish standards in terms of absorbed dose to water in the reference protocol conditions by water calorimetry. The basic principle of water calorimetry is to measure the absorbed dose from the rise in temperature of water under irradiation. A calorimeter was developed to perform measurements at a 2 cm depth in water according to IAEA TRS-398 protocol for medium energy x-rays. Absorbed dose rates to water measured by calorimetry were compared to the values established using protocols based on references in terms of air kerma. A difference lower than 2.1% was reported. Standard uncertainty of water calorimetry being 0.8%, the one associated to the values from protocols being around 3.0%, results are consistent considering the uncertainties. Thanks to these new standards, it will be possible to use IAEA TRS-398 protocol to determine absorbed dose to water: a significant reduction of uncertainties is obtained (divided by 3 by comparison with the application of the IAEA TRS-277 protocol). Currently, none of the counterparts laboratories own such an instrument allowing direct determination of standards in the reference conditions recommended by the international radiotherapy protocols.PARIS11-SCD-Bib. Ă©lectronique (914719901) / SudocSudocFranceF

    Des remparts de la TĂšne Ă  Metz, rue Taison

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    Antimicrobial resistance with Streptococcus pneumoniae in the United States, 1997 98.

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    From November 1997 to April 1998, 1,601 clinical isolates of Streptococcus pneumoniae were obtained from 34 U.S. medical centers. The overall rate of strains showing resistance to penicillin was 29. 5%, with 17.4% having intermediate resistance. Multidrug resistance, defined as lack of susceptibility to penicillin and at least two other non-ss-lactam classes of antimicrobial drugs, was observed in 16.0% of isolates. Resistance to all 10 ss-lactam drugs examined in this study was directly related to the level of penicillin resistance. Penicillin resistance rates were highest in isolates from middle ear fluid and sinus aspirates of children ambulatory-care settings. Twenty-four of the 34 medical centers in this study had participated in a similar study 3 years before. In 19 of these 24 centers, penicillin resistance rates increased 2.9% to 39.2%. Similar increases were observed with rates of resistance to other antimicrobial drugs

    Excretion of Vancomycin-Resistant Enterococci by Wild Mammals

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    A survey of fecal samples found enterococcal excretion in 82% of 388 bank voles (Clethrionomys glareolus), 92% of 131 woodmice (Apodemus sylvaticus), and 75% of 165 badgers (Meles meles). Vancomycin-resistant enterococci, all Enterococcus faecium of vanA genotype, were excreted by 4.6% of the woodmice and 1.2% of the badgers, but by none of the bank voles
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