Teachers’ beliefs on the use of mother tongue in English lessons in a bilingual school

El uso de la lengua materna en clases de inglés es un aspecto que implica las creencias de los profesores de lenguaje adquiridas a través de la experiencia en las aulas de clase y además practicadas con los estudiantes en diferentes momentos de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del inglés. Este estudio se enfoca en analizar las creencias de los profesores acerca del uso de la lengua materna en las clases de inglés y como está es utilizada como herramienta en el proceso de aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera en un colegio bilingüe en Bogotá. La recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante el uso de tres diferentes técnicas: observaciones de clase, entrevistas estructuradas y un cuestionario. Por otro lado, la tabulación de la información recogida fue organizada a través de un cuadro de triangulación donde los fragmentos analizados y las interpretaciones de los investigadores fueron agrupados en diferentes colores de acuerdo a una categoría específica y relaciones

Redistributive fiscal problems in Colombia

From a general perspective, one could argue that large State transformations are reflect-ed in income, expenditure and employment. The information that the National Bureau of Statistics (Dane) have on income (tax and nontax) is accessible and more orderly than spending and employment. This difference is explained, in part because the collection of taxes is more centralized (national, municipal and departmental), and while expenditure on transfers is diversified.Tax Power, Colombia, State, Latin American, Fairness.

Teachers’ beliefs on the use of mother tongue in English lessons in a bilingual school

El uso de la lengua materna en clases de inglés es un aspecto que implica las creencias de los profesores de lenguaje adquiridas a través de la experiencia en las aulas de clase y además practicadas con los estudiantes en diferentes momentos de la enseñanza y el aprendizaje del inglés. Este estudio se enfoca en analizar las creencias de los profesores acerca del uso de la lengua materna en las clases de inglés y como está es utilizada como herramienta en el proceso de aprendizaje de una lengua extranjera en un colegio bilingüe en Bogotá. La recolección de los datos se llevó a cabo mediante el uso de tres diferentes técnicas: observaciones de clase, entrevistas estructuradas y un cuestionario. Por otro lado, la tabulación de la información recogida fue organizada a través de un cuadro de triangulación donde los fragmentos analizados y las interpretaciones de los investigadores fueron agrupados en diferentes colores de acuerdo a una categoría específica y relaciones

Problemas fiscales y redistributivos en Colombia

From a general perspective, one could argue that large State transformations are reflect-ed in income, expenditure and employment. The information that the National Bureau of Statistics (Dane) have on income (tax and nontax) is accessible and more orderly than spending and employment. This difference is explained, in part because the collection of taxes is more centralized (national, municipal and departmental), and while expenditure on transfers is diversified

Problemas fiscales y redistributivos en Colombia

From a general perspective, one could argue that large State transformations are reflect-ed in income, expenditure and employment. The information that the National Bureau of Statistics (Dane) have on income (tax and nontax) is accessible and more orderly than spending and employment. This difference is explained, in part because the collection of taxes is more centralized (national, municipal and departmental), and while expenditure on transfers is diversified

Immunological assays for chemokine detection in in-vitro culture of CNS cells

Herein we review the various methods currently in use for determining the expression of chemokines by CNS cells in vitro. Chemokine detection assays are used in conjuction with one another to provide a comprehensive, biologically relevant assessment of the chemokines which is necessary for correct data interpretation of a specific observed biological effect. The methods described include bioassays for soluble chemokine receptors, RNA extraction, RT-PCR, Real - time quantitative PCR, gene array analysis, northern blot analysis, Ribonuclease Protection assay, Flow cytometry, ELISPOT, western blot analysis, and ELISA. No single method of analysis meets the criteria for a comprehensive, biologically relevant assessment of the chemokines, therefore more than one assay might be necessary for correct data interpretation, a choice that is based on development of a scientific rationale for the method with emphasis on the reliability and relevance of the method

Locally Administrated Perindopril Improves Healing in an Ovariectomized Rat Tibial Osteotomy Model

Angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors are widely prescribed to regulate blood pressure. High doses of orally administered perindopril have previously been shown to improve fracture healing in a mouse femur fracture model. In this study, perindopril was administered directly to the fracture area with the goal of stimulating fracture repair. Three months after being ovariectomized (OVX), tibial fractures were produced in Sprague–Dawley rats and subsequently stabilized with intramedullary wires. Perindopril (0.4 mg/kg/day) was injected locally at the fractured site for a treatment period of 7 days. Vehicle reagent was used as a control. Callus quality was evaluated at 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture. Compared with the vehicle group, perindopril treatment significantly increased bone formation, increased biomechanical strength, and improved microstructural parameters of the callus. Newly woven bone was arranged more tightly and regularly at 4 weeks post-fracture. The ultimate load increased by 66.1 and 76.9% (p<0.01), and the bone volume over total volume (BV/TV) increased by 29.9% and 24.3% (p<0.01) at 2 and 4 weeks post-fracture, respectively. These findings suggest that local treatment with perindopril could promote fracture healing in ovariectomized rats

Complete Genome Sequence of Francisella tularensis Subspecies holarctica FTNF002-00

Francisella tularensis subspecies holarctica FTNF002-00 strain was originally obtained from the first known clinical case of bacteremic F. tularensis pneumonia in Southern Europe isolated from an immunocompetent individual. The FTNF002-00 complete genome contains the RD23 deletion and represents a type strain for a clonal population from the first epidemic tularemia outbreak in Spain between 1997–1998. Here, we present the complete sequence analysis of the FTNF002-00 genome. The complete genome sequence of FTNF002-00 revealed several large as well as small genomic differences with respect to two other published complete genome sequences of F. tularensis subsp. holarctica strains, LVS and OSU18. The FTNF002-00 genome shares >99.9% sequence similarity with LVS and OSU18, and is also ∼5 MB smaller by comparison. The overall organization of the FTNF002-00 genome is remarkably identical to those of LVS and OSU18, except for a single 3.9 kb inversion in FTNF002-00. Twelve regions of difference ranging from 0.1–1.5 kb and forty-two small insertions and deletions were identified in a comparative analysis of FTNF002-00, LVS, and OSU18 genomes. Two small deletions appear to inactivate two genes in FTNF002-00 causing them to become pseudogenes; the intact genes encode a protein of unknown function and a drug:H+ antiporter. In addition, we identified ninety-nine proteins in FTNF002-00 containing amino acid mutations compared to LVS and OSU18. Several non-conserved amino acid replacements were identified, one of which occurs in the virulence-associated intracellular growth locus subunit D protein. Many of these changes in FTNF002-00 are likely the consequence of direct selection that increases the fitness of this subsp. holarctica clone within its endemic population. Our complete genome sequence analyses lay the foundation for experimental testing of these possibilities