UPPER EXTREMITY ANALYSES OF STANDING THROW WITH THREE WEIGHTS OF SHOT PUT

The purpose of this study was to analyse kinematic valuables of the throwing extremity with three weights of shot put. Three-dimensional method was used to analyze the upper extremity of shot putters performing standing throws. Nonparametric statistical test of Friedman two-way analysis of variance by ranks was conducted for the valuables (p=.05). There were significant differences between 8 lb. and 16 lb. shot put in the measure distance, release velocity and maximal angular momentum of the forearm. The proximal-to-distal sequencing was found in terms of segment angular momentum

DYNAMICS OF THE SHOULDER AND ELBOW JOINTS OF THE THROWING ARM DURING ROTATIONAL SHOT PUTTING -CASE STUDY

The purpose of this study was to clarify the dynamical interacting characteristics between the segments of the shot put throwing arm, and to compare the quantitative information between a beginner and an experienced rotational shot putter. The DLT method of 3D cinematography was used. In the throwing motion, compressive force and horizontal adduction torque were mainly exerted at the shoulder joint, while anterior force and flexion torque were mainly exerted at the elbow joint, i.e. the muscle efforts mainly contributed to those forces and torques aforementioned. Subjects' patterns of forces and torques were generally similar, but we found that the timing of anterior, superior forces, external rotation torque, and distractive force were markedly different

ELECTROMYOGRAPHIC ANALYSIS OF THE DISCUS STANDING THROW

The purpose of this study was to compare the muscular activation in different discus weights and investigate the sequences and the patterns of the muscular function of the standing throws with discus. The surface EMGs of thirteen muscle groups were measured. The forearm flexor, triceps brachii, posterior deltoid and middle deltoid were highly activated muscle groups in the standing throws. The forearm flexor exerted the highest activation among thirteen muscle groups. The trapezius, pectoralis major, forearm muscle groups, biceps brachium, and anterior deltoid reached the peak EMG activities just before the discus was released. The posterior deltoid, middle deltoid, lower trapezius, and middle trapezius mainly supported the arm and the discus in the early part of the standing throws

THE EFFECT OF HAND-HELD WEIGHTS ON STANDING LONG JUMP PERFORMANCE

The standing long jump was one of the events in ancient Olympiad Games. Extra weights were held in the hands of athletes during the jump. It has long been debated whether the extra weights were used to make the challenge more difficult or to enhance the jumping performances. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of extra weights on standing long jump performance. A Redlake high-speed camera was synchronized with a Kistler force platform to collect the data of eight male jumping performances. The results Indicate that the total horizontal propelling time, time to maximal horizontal force, horizontal impulse and horizontal velocity of body CG at takeoff all increased. with loaded jumps. In addition, the vertical velocity of body CG and angles at takeoff decrease with loadedl weights. It was suggested optimal extra weights for extending standing jump distance is 8% of body mass

Biomechanical Characteristics of Single Leg Jump in Collegiate Basketball Players Based on Approach Technique

Our study investigated the characteristics of the biomechanics of lower extremities during running single leg jump (RSJ) in collegiate basketball players. Twelve division III male basketball players voluntarily participated in this study. They performed three trials of the running single leg jump with two approach speeds (fast and preferred) randomly. The kinematic data were collected by motion analysis system (200 Hz), and kinetic data were collected using the AMTI force platform (1000 Hz), and electromyography (EMG) data were recorded by the Delsys surface Electromyography (EMG) system (2000 Hz). Kinematic, kinetic and EMG signal were synchronized using EvaRT 4.6. Peak Ground reaction force, eccentric loading rate (ELR), gastrocnemius (GA) of pre-activation phase, and tibialis anterior (TA) of push-off phase were found significantly larger in the fast approach speed (p < 0.05). RSJ improves muscle activation level and stretch reflex. Higher activation of TA and GA during RSJ may have the benefit of decreasing risk of injury and jump training. Thus, it is helpful in muscle stretch adaptation