The Margin Abatement Costs of CO2 in Chinese industrial sectors

AbstractUsing the directional distance function estimating by a non-parametric method, this paper measured shadow prices indicating the margin abatement costs (MACs) of CO2 emissions of China's industrial sectors. The results show that the MACs are within 0.2 thousand Yuan per ton to 120.3 thousand Yuan per ton, differentiating among sectors. In average, the MACs of heavy and chemical industries are lower than that of light and high-tech industries

Hepatitis B virus-related decompensated liver cirrhosis: Benefits of antiviral therapy

SummaryFollowing development of liver cirrhosis in patients with chronic hepatitis B, liver disease may continue to progress and decompensation or hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) may occur, especially in those with active viral replication. Decompensation may manifest with jaundice, ascites, variceal bleeding or hepatic encephalopathy. Earlier studies have shown that the prognosis of decompensated cirrhosis is usually poor with a 5-year survival rate at 14–35% under conventional standard of care. The approval of oral antiviral agents has greatly improved the prognosis, as demonstrated in several cohort studies and randomized clinical trials involving therapy with lamivudine, adefovir dipivoxil, entecavir, telbivudine, or tenofovir disoproxil fumarate. Oral antiviral agents are effective in restoring liver function and improving survival in patients with decompensated cirrhosis especially if therapy is initiated early enough. These agents are generally well tolerated without significant side effects. However, their preventive effect in HCC development has yet to be convincingly demonstrated. Given their known resistance profiles, entecavir and tenofovir should be considered as the first-line therapy for patients with HBV-related decompensated cirrhosis

Lasing- Encoded Microsensor Driven by Interfacial Cavity Resonance Energy Transfer

Microlasers are emerging tools for biomedical applications. In particular, whispering- gallery- mode (WGM) microlasers are promising candidates for sensing at the biointerface owing to their high quality- factor and potential in molecular assays, and intracellular and extracellular detection. However, lasing particles with sensing functionality remain challenging since the overlap between the WGM optical mode and external gain medium is much lower compared to internal gain inside the cavity. To overcome this problem, the concept of Förster resonant energy transfer (FRET) is exploited on WGM droplet microlaser by separating donor and acceptor molecules at the cavity- surface interface. It is first discovered that the interfacial FRET laser not only originates from conventional FRET but utilizes coherent radiative energy transfer (CRET) to excite acceptor molecules by inducing light- harvesting effect near the cavity interface. Simulations and experiments have revealed that the absorption spectrum of individual analyte plays a crucial role in interfacial FRET laser. Distinct lasing spectra can therefore distinguish molecules of different absorption properties upon binding. Finally, detection of small fluorescent molecules and photosynthetic protein is performed. The results presented here not only demonstrate the wide- ranging potential of microlaser external cavity implementation in molecular sensing applications, but also provide comprehensive insights into cavity energy transfer in laser physics.A novel concept is proposed to achieve active lasing- encoded biosensors by taking advantage of light- harvesting effect at the cavity interface, where interfacial molecular lasers based on cavity resonant energy transfer are demonstrated. This work marks a critical step of realizing whispering- gallery- mode (WGM) laser probes for biosensing, opening a new avenue in laser- based molecular sensing.Peer Reviewedhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154969/1/adom201901596-sup-0001-SuppMat.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154969/2/adom201901596_am.pdfhttps://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/154969/3/adom201901596.pd