Bodies that work, discourses that care: powerful narratives of elder care on the move

This thesis explores questions of work and power in 24-hour care in German-speaking Switzerland. 24-hour care refers to individual paid care of an elderly person at their private household. While on duty, care-givers live at the household in which they work. 24-hour care is therefore a form of live-in care. Employment or staffing agencies offer and organise 24-hour care arrangements in German-speaking Switzerland. These agencies market around-the-clock care services that promise a care-giver’s presence at all hours of the day. They employ or place women from European Union member states as 24-hour care workers, in particular from Poland, Hungary and Slovakia. The workers spend set periods of time working and living in elderly persons’ households. After two to twelve weeks of duty, there is a change of shift. The first care worker is off duty and another care worker looks after the elderly person. This system of rotation allows care workers to leave Switzerland to see family and friends when they are off duty. Thus many care workers commute in and out of Switzerland at regular intervals. Labour rights activists, care workers, regulators, journalists, and academics have identified considerable limitations of 24-hour care, in particular problematic conditions of work. The thesis investigates central questions of work and power in Swiss live-in care through an analysis of the discourse on 24-hour care in German-speaking Switzerland between September 2013 and 2015. The primary data consists of around forty care agencies’ descriptions of 24-hour care on their websites. Agency websites are the platforms on which all parties involved in 24-hour care meet–where they receive information and where live-in care arrangements are ultimately initiated. Therefore these websites have been the pivot of the emerging market in 24-hour care. Agency websites are also of analytical significance since they are the spaces where 24-hour care has been most directly outlined and described during the period of enquiry. The secondary set of data treated in this dissertation consists of the discursive contributions by the media, public bodies, scholarship, individual care workers and live-in care workers’ associations. Drawing on sustained feminist engagements with work and care, I approached Swiss 24-hour care from a feminist perspective with a particular focus on notions of work, gender, and bodies. This approach has facilitated critical analysis of the complex relations of power which are at the heart of 24-hour care. The thesis investigates the complexity of these power relations in five research papers. The papers analyse discussions of difference and questions of pay, care-givers’ becoming of an embodied subjects, workers’ political and social participation, as well as the power and limitations of discursive construction in the media. The research papers explore these questions through analyses of central discursive narratives. The narratives include discussions of care workers’ so-called heart-felt warmth, reference to care workers as ‘female care migrants’ and analysis of 24-hour care in relation to the notion of ethnicisation. The five research papers investigate and illustrate the power of the central narratives about 24-hour care. My analysis of the central narratives indicates an intricate relationship between fundamental inequalities in live-in care and the particular ways in which they are discussed. In particular, I suggest that the specific ways in which 24-hour care has been discussed underlie the inequalities in the field and serve to sustain problematic working conditions. The discussion of 24-hour care-givers in terms of ‘female care migrants’ illustrates the power of narratives. ‘Female care migrant’ designates the live-in care-worker as first and foremost a circular migrant and dislocates them from Switzerland. By critically investigating central narratives, the thesis illustrates the fundamental significance of discursive narratives for how we understand and value both the work of 24-hour care and those who perform live-in care. In showing how the discursive dislocation of care workers from Switzerland underlies workers’ poor pay and problematic working conditions, the thesis’ findings point to the political consequences of discursive narratives’ power to value and devalue. In drawing attention to the significance of words in the perpetuation of inequalities, the thesis makes a feminist contribution to interdisciplinary scholarship on 24-hour care whose political and theoretical consequence is relevant in and beyond Switzerland

Allzeit bereit: 24 Stunden pro Tag, sieben Tage die Woche betreut

Die Rundumbetreuung erfüllt den Wunsch betreuungsbedürftiger alter Menschen und ihrer Familien, weiter zuhause leben zu können – so auch in der Schweiz. Die Betreuung wird vielfach durch Arbeitsmigration ermöglicht. Arbeitsrechtlich gestaltet sich dieser Bereich allerdings höchst problematisch

Bodies that work, discourses that care: powerful narratives of elder care on the move

This thesis explores questions of work and power in 24-hour care in German-speaking Switzerland. 24-hour care refers to individual paid care of an elderly person at their private household. While on duty, care-givers live at the household in which they work. 24-hour care is therefore a form of live-in care. Employment or staffing agencies offer and organise 24-hour care arrangements in German-speaking Switzerland. These agencies market around-the-clock care services that promise a care-giver’s presence at all hours of the day. They employ or place women from European Union member states as 24-hour care workers, in particular from Poland, Hungary and Slovakia. The workers spend set periods of time working and living in elderly persons’ households. After two to twelve weeks of duty, there is a change of shift. The first care worker is off duty and another care worker looks after the elderly person. This system of rotation allows care workers to leave Switzerland to see family and friends when they are off duty. Thus many care workers commute in and out of Switzerland at regular intervals. Labour rights activists, care workers, regulators, journalists, and academics have identified considerable limitations of 24-hour care, in particular problematic conditions of work. The thesis investigates central questions of work and power in Swiss live-in care through an analysis of the discourse on 24-hour care in German-speaking Switzerland between September 2013 and 2015. The primary data consists of around forty care agencies’ descriptions of 24-hour care on their websites. Agency websites are the platforms on which all parties involved in 24-hour care meet–where they receive information and where live-in care arrangements are ultimately initiated. Therefore these websites have been the pivot of the emerging market in 24-hour care. Agency websites are also of analytical significance since they are the spaces where 24-hour care has been most directly outlined and described during the period of enquiry. The secondary set of data treated in this dissertation consists of the discursive contributions by the media, public bodies, scholarship, individual care workers and live-in care workers’ associations. Drawing on sustained feminist engagements with work and care, I approached Swiss 24-hour care from a feminist perspective with a particular focus on notions of work, gender, and bodies. This approach has facilitated critical analysis of the complex relations of power which are at the heart of 24-hour care. The thesis investigates the complexity of these power relations in five research papers. The papers analyse discussions of difference and questions of pay, care-givers’ becoming of an embodied subjects, workers’ political and social participation, as well as the power and limitations of discursive construction in the media. The research papers explore these questions through analyses of central discursive narratives. The narratives include discussions of care workers’ so-called heart-felt warmth, reference to care workers as ‘female care migrants’ and analysis of 24-hour care in relation to the notion of ethnicisation. The five research papers investigate and illustrate the power of the central narratives about 24-hour care. My analysis of the central narratives indicates an intricate relationship between fundamental inequalities in live-in care and the particular ways in which they are discussed. In particular, I suggest that the specific ways in which 24-hour care has been discussed underlie the inequalities in the field and serve to sustain problematic working conditions. The discussion of 24-hour care-givers in terms of ‘female care migrants’ illustrates the power of narratives. ‘Female care migrant’ designates the live-in care-worker as first and foremost a circular migrant and dislocates them from Switzerland. By critically investigating central narratives, the thesis illustrates the fundamental significance of discursive narratives for how we understand and value both the work of 24-hour care and those who perform live-in care. In showing how the discursive dislocation of care workers from Switzerland underlies workers’ poor pay and problematic working conditions, the thesis’ findings point to the political consequences of discursive narratives’ power to value and devalue. In drawing attention to the significance of words in the perpetuation of inequalities, the thesis makes a feminist contribution to interdisciplinary scholarship on 24-hour care whose political and theoretical consequence is relevant in and beyond Switzerland

Care, pay, love: commodification and the spaces of live-in care

This paper investigates uses of the concept of commodification in contemporary analyses of waged care. Drawing on theoretical work on commodification and discourse-analytical research on private live-in care in Switzerland, I explore how Swiss live-in care questions central discussions in the literature. Scholars have focused on the ways in which care is embroiled within market relations and the adverse effects of commodification on the character and quality of care. The paper outlines the two central discussions, identifies important limitations and explores the ways in which Swiss live-care contests their underlying assumptions. Swiss live-in care exhibits intricate processes of waging elder care. Live-in care services are offered and arranged on agency websites while taking place at elderly persons’ private households. Elder care thus becomes entangled in market relations both in virtual spaces and at home. Furthermore, live-in care workers do not distance themselves from their work but actively seek to improve their conditions of work. In so doing, they complicate the assumption that paying for care corrupts caregiving or turns it into a product for sale. Based on this evidence from Swiss live-in care, I propose that a careful use of commodification might best serve feminist interventions

Zur Konstruktion der 24-Stunden-Betreuung für ältere Menschen in den Schweizer Medien

Der Artikel analysiert die Schweizer Medienberichterstattung zur 24h-Betreuung von 2003–2013. Mittels einer Diskursanalyse identifizieren wir den dominanten Mediendiskurs eines boomenden Marktes, der Agenturen kritisiert, BetreuerInnen viktimisiert und die Betreuung in den eigenen vier Wänden idealisiert. In der Diskussion analysieren wir die blinden Flecken des medialen Diskurses. Wir hinterfragen die These des 24h-Betreuungs-Booms, beleuchten die Schattenseiten der Betreuung daheim und thematisieren die Verantwortung der Familie als Arbeitgeberin. This article analyses Swiss media coverage of 24 hours care between 2003 and 2013. Based on a discourse analysis we observe that the dominant media discourse speaks of a booming market that criticises agencies, victimises carers and idealises home care. In our discussion we analyse these results with a focus on the so-called blind spots of this media discourse. In particular, we challenge the claim of a boom in 24h care, shed light on the negative aspects of home care, and address the ignored responsibility of the family as employer

Places of difference: narratives of heart-felt warmth, ethnicisation, and female care-migrants in Swiss live-in care

Care for the elderly is a contemporary issue of multi-level, feminist concern. In Switzerland, private agencies offer so-called 24-h care services, for which they place or employ mobile women as live-in caregivers in private households. The larger discourse has debated care workers’ movements to Switzerland with much controversy. The article explores this interest in issues of mobility and place in an analysis of three central narratives within the larger discourse: care agencies’ ‘warmth’ discourse, scholarship’s uses of ‘ethnicisation’, and public discussions of ‘female care migrants’. Analysis of the narratives shows how care agencies ascribe care workers a particular ‘heart-felt warmth’ based on their so-called countries of origin. Scholarship’s reference to processes of ‘ethnicisation’ in live-in care illustrates a similar focus on care workers’ characteristics, nation-states, and nationalities. While the public discussion of care workers as ‘female care migrants’ frames care workers’ movements as a migration between discreet and distant places. The article argues that the ways in which the three narratives emphasise the places associated with care workers position these places in terms of difference. From a feminist perspective, this focus on difference is of underlying significance for the perpetuation of fundamental inequities in live-in care. In particular, the discursive differentiation between nation states serves to continually justify lower pay for workers associated with ‘other’ places. As such, the article’s analysis suggests that the discursive invocation of places of difference underlies the marked inequities in Swiss live-in care