Metabolic syndrome in overweight children from the city of Botucatu - São Paulo State - Brazil: agreement among six diagnostic criteria

<p>Abstract</p> <p>Background</p> <p>The metabolic syndrome has been described in children; however, a standard criterion has not been established for its diagnosis. Also, few studies have been conducted to specifically observe the possible existence of agreement among the existing diagnostic criteria. The purpose of the study is to evaluate agreement concerning prevalence rates of the metabolic syndrome diagnosed by six different criteria in overweight schoolchildren in the city of Botucatu - SP -Brazil.</p> <p>Methods</p> <p>This is a cross-sectional study on 128 overweight schoolchildren. Clinical examination included anthropometry, pubertal staging evaluation, and blood pressure. Triacylglycerol, glycemia, HDL-cholesterol, insulin levels, and HOMA-IR were determined. The Kappa index, the Mann-Whitney test and the chi-square test were used for statistical analysis.</p> <p>Results</p> <p>The prevalence of the metabolic syndrome varied from 10 to 16.5% according to different diagnostic criteria. Results were similar for boys and girls and pubertal stage. Great agreement was observed among the six different diagnostic criteria for the metabolic syndrome.</p> <p>Conclusions</p> <p>Different diagnostic criteria, when adopted for subjects with similar demographic characteristics, generate similar and compatible prevalence. Results suggest that it is possible to adopt any of the analyzed criteria, and the choice should be according to the components available for each situation.</p

Agreement between retinal images obtained via smartphones and images obtained with retinal cameras or fundoscopic exams &ndash; systematic review and meta-analysis

Manuel AP Vilela,1,2 Felipe M Valen&ccedil;a,1 Pedro KM Barreto,1 Carlos EV Amaral,1 L&uacute;cia C Pellanda1,2 1Federal University of Health Sciences of Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil; 2Institute of Cardiology, Cardiology University Foundation, Porto Alegre, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil Background: Smartphone fundoscopy is a new option for visualizing the ocular fundus but must be validated before being included in population-based examinations. Our aim was to evaluate the quality of fundoscopic images obtained via smartphone and to compare their agreement with retinal camera images or clinical examination.Methods: The database for this study included all observational studies with smartphone fundoscopy that have comparative analyses with the gold standard methods.Results: Out of 121 potentially relevant studies, nine were included in this analysis, compris- ing a total of 4,219 eyes. Mean age was 56.6 years (SD&plusmn;8.5). Combined kappa (&kappa;) agreement statistics were equal to 77.77% (95% CI: 70.34%, 83.70%). No heterogeneity was measured by random effects (I2=zero). Conclusion: Fundoscopic images obtained by using smartphones have substantial agreement with gold standards for clinical or photographic exams.Keywords: smartphones, fundoscopy, ophthalmoscopy&nbsp