Припиняючі способи цивільно - правового захисту прав на засоби індивідуалізації від недобросовісної конкуренції: цивільно-правове обґрунтування

The article presents an analysis of the concept and methods of civil protection of rights to the means of individualization. The study provided grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aim to protect the rights and interests of the victim; can be implemented both voluntarily and compulsorily; directly enshrined in law; have a retrospective character; can be used alone or in combination. Distinctive features are also available. The following criteria are defined: the first criterion is the presence of non-equivalent property deprivations in civil liability; the second criterion: invariability of protection measures and variability of liability measures; the third criterion is the temporal (temporal) criterion; the fourth criterion for distinguishing between liability and protection measures are the forms of their implementation. Thus, the study provides grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the victim. The study provided grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aim to protect the rights and interests of the victim; can be implemented both voluntarily and compulsorily; directly enshrined in law; have a retrospective character; can be used alone or in combination. Distinctive features are also available. The following criteria are defined: the first criterion is the presence of non-equivalent property deprivation in civil liability; the second criterion: invariability of protection measures and variability of liability measures; the third criterion is the temporal (temporal) criterion; the fourth criterion for distinguishing between liability and protection measures are the forms of their implementation. Thus, the study provides grounds to identify common features of liability and protection measures: aimed at their impact on the offender; aimed at protecting the rights and interests of the victim.Key words: civil - legal protection of rights; means of individualization; intellectual property; unfair competition; measures of responsibility and protection.У статті представлено аналіз поняття і способи цивільно - правового захисту прав на засоби індивідуалізації. Проведене дослідження дало підстави виділити спільні риси заходів відповідальності і заходів захисту: спрямовані за своїм впливом на правопорушника; мають на меті захист прав та інтересів потерпілого; можуть бути реалізовані як в добровільному порядку, так і примусовому; прямо закріплені в законодавстві; мають ретроспективний характер; можуть використовуватися як поодинці, так і у сукупності. Відмінні риси також наявні. Визначено наступні критерії: першим критерієм є наявність при цивільно-правовій відповідальності позаеквівалентних майнових позбавлень; другий критерій: незмінюваність заходів захисту і змінюваність заходів відповідальності; третій критерієм є часовий (темпоральний) критерій; четвертим критерієм для розмежування заходів відповідальності і заходів захисту є форми їх реалізації. Отже, проведене дослідження дає підстави виділити спільні риси заходів відповідальності і заходів захисту: спрямовані за своїм впливом на правопорушника; мають на меті захист прав та інтересів потерпілого.Ключові слова: цивільно - правовий захист прав; засоби індивідуалізації; інтелектуальна власніть; недобросовісна конкуренція; заходи відповідальності і захисту.

Electromagnetic wave refraction at an interface of a double wire medium

Plane-wave reflection and refraction at an interface with a double wire medium is considered. The problem of additional boundary conditions (ABC) in application to wire media is discussed and an ABC-free approach, known in the solid state physics, is used. Expressions for the fields and Poynting vectors of the refracted waves are derived. Directions and values of the power density flow of the refracted waves are found and the conservation of the power flow through the interface is checked. The difference between the results, given by the conventional model of wire media and the model, properly taking into account spatial dispersion, is discussed.Comment: 17 pages, 11 figure

Sub-nanosecond delay of light in (Cd,Zn)Te crystal

We study excitonic polariton relaxation and propagation in bulk CdZnTe using time- resolved photoluminescence and time-of-flight techniques. Propagation of picosecond optical pulses through 0.745 mm thick crystal results in time delays up to 350 ps, depending on the photon energy. Optical pulses with 150 fs duration become strongly stretched. The spectral dependence of group velocity is consistent with the dispersion of the lower excitonic polariton branch. The lifetimes of excitonic polariton in the upper and lower branches are 1.5 and 3 ns, respectively.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figure

Weak and strong coupling limits of the two-dimensional Fr\"ohlich polaron with spin-orbit Rashba interaction

The continuous progress in fabricating low-dimensional systems with large spin-orbit couplings has reached a point in which nowadays materials may display spin-orbit splitting energies ranging from a few to hundreds of meV. This situation calls for a better understanding of the interplay between the spin-orbit coupling and other interactions ubiquitously present in solids, in particular when the spin-orbit splitting is comparable in magnitude with characteristic energy scales such as the Fermi energy and the phonon frequency. In this article, the two-dimensional Fr\"ohlich electron-phonon problem is reformulated by introducing the coupling to a spin-orbit Rashba potential, allowing for a description of the spin-orbit effects on the electron-phonon interaction. The ground state of the resulting Fr\"ohlich-Rashba polaron is studied in the weak and strong coupling limits of the electron-phonon interaction for arbitrary values of the spin-orbit splitting. The weak coupling case is studied within the Rayleigh-Schr\"odinger perturbation theory, while the strong-coupling electron-phonon regime is investigated by means of variational polaron wave functions in the adiabatic limit. It is found that, for both weak and strong coupling polarons, the ground state energy is systematically lowered by the spin-orbit interaction, indicating that the polaronic character is strengthened by the Rashba coupling. It is also shown that, consistently with the lowering of the ground state, the polaron effective mass is enhanced compared to the zero spin-orbit limit. Finally, it is argued that the crossover between weakly and strongly coupled polarons can be shifted by the spin-orbit interaction.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figure

A Variational Approach to Nonlocal Exciton-Phonon Coupling

In this paper we apply variational energy band theory to a form of the Holstein Hamiltonian in which the influence of lattice vibrations (optical phonons) on both local site energies (local coupling) and transfers of electronic excitations between neighboring sites (nonlocal coupling) is taken into account. A flexible spanning set of orthonormal eigenfunctions of the joint exciton-phonon crystal momentum is used to arrive at a variational estimate (bound) of the ground state energy for every value of the joint crystal momentum, yielding a variational estimate of the lowest polaron energy band across the entire Brillouin zone, as well as the complete set of polaron Bloch functions associated with this band. The variation is implemented numerically, avoiding restrictive assumptions that have limited the scope of previous assaults on the same and similar problems. Polaron energy bands and the structure of the associated Bloch states are studied at general points in the three-dimensional parameter space of the model Hamiltonian (electronic tunneling, local coupling, nonlocal coupling), though our principal emphasis lay in under-studied area of nonlocal coupling and its interplay with electronic tunneling; a phase diagram summarizing the latter is presented. The common notion of a "self-trapping transition" is addressed and generalized.Comment: 33 pages, 11 figure

Optical Properties of Crystals with Spatial Dispersion: Josephson Plasma Resonance in Layered Superconductors

We derive the transmission coefficient, $T(\omega)$, for grazing incidence of crystals with spatial dispersion accounting for the excitation of multiple modes with different wave vectors ${\bf k}$ for a given frequency $\omega$. The generalization of the Fresnel formulas contains the refraction indices of these modes as determined by the dielectric function $\epsilon(\omega,{\bf k})$. Near frequencies $\omega_e$, where the group velocity vanishes, $T(\omega)$ depends also on an additional parameter determined by the crystal microstructure. The transmission $T$ is significantly suppressed, if one of the excited modes is decaying into the crystal. We derive these features microscopically for the Josephson plasma resonance in layered superconductors.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figures, epl.cls style file, minor change

Correlation of optical conductivity and ARPES spectra of strong-coupling large polarons and its display in cuprates

Common approach is used to calculate band due to strong-coupling large polaron (SCLP) photodissociation in ARPES and in optical conductivity (OC) spectra. It is based on using the coherent-states representation for the phonon field in SCLP. The calculated positions of both band maximums are universal functions of one parameter - the SCLP binding energy Ep: ARPES band maximum lies at binding energy about 3.2Ep; the OC band maximum is at the photon energy about 4.2Ep. The half-widths of the bands are mainly determined by Ep and slightly depend on Frohlich electron-phonon coupling constant: for its value 6-8 the ARPES band half-width is 1.7-1.3Ep and the OC band half-width is 2.8-2.2Ep. Using these results one can predict approximate position of ARPES band maximum and half-width from the maximum of mid-IR OC band and vice versa. Comparison of the results with experiments leads to a conclusion that underdoped cuprates contain SCLPs with Ep=0.1-0.2 eV that is in good conformity with the medium parameters in cuprates. The values of the polaron binding energy determined from experimental ARPES and OC spectra of the same material are in good conformity too: the difference between them is within 10 percent.Comment: 17 pages, 6 figure

Electron-phonon interaction via Pekar mechanism in nanostructures

We consider an electron-acoustic phonon coupling mechanism associated with the dependence of crystal dielectric permittivity on the strain (the so-called Pekar mechanism) in nanostructures characterized by strong confining electric fields. The efficiency of Pekar coupling is a function of both the absolute value and the spatial distribution of the electric field. It is demonstrated that this mechanism exhibits a phonon wavevector dependence similar to that of piezoelectricity and must be taken into account for electron transport calculations in an extended field distribution. In particular, we analyze the role of Pekar coupling in energy relaxation in silicon inversion layers. Comparison with the recent experimental results is provided to illustrate its potential significance

Directed current in the Holstein system

We propose a mechanism to rectify charge transport in the semiclassical Holstein model. It is shown that localised initial conditions, associated with a polaron solution, in conjunction with a nonreversion symmetric static electron on-site potential constitute minimal prerequisites for the emergence of a directed current in the underlying periodic lattice system. In particular, we demonstrate that for unbiased spatially localised initial conditions, violation of parity prevents the existence of pairs of counter-propagating trajectories, thus allowing for a directed current despite the time-reversibility of the equations of motion. Occurrence of long-range coherent charge transport is demonstrated

On fractional Choquard equations

We investigate a class of nonlinear Schrodinger equations with a generalized Choquard nonlinearity and fractional diffusion. We obtain regularity, existence, nonexistence, symmetry as well as decays properties.Comment: revised version, 22 page