Lika: Demographic Development under Peripheral Conditions

Lika is the most notable example of a periphery and also the most problematic region in Croatia. This work represents research into the region’s demographic development under the conditions of Croatia’s polarized development up to the beginning of the 1990s and the wartime and postwar events during the last intercensus period. The spatial scheme of analysis adheres to the sub regions and contemporary local government units. The results show that Lika and all of its sub-regions were beset by demographic devastation already during the 1980s. In the current period, it is characterized by extremely inauspicious demographic features, which seriously brings into question the possibility of revitalizing this region

The cretaceous facies from the island of Brač regarding paleomagnetic interpretation in the exterior Dinarides

Diplomski rad sadrţi facijesne i mikropaleontološke opise uzoraka litificiranih stijena i paleomagnetkih jezgara odabranih lokaliteta otoka Braĉa. Opisani uzorci su starosti raspona od gornje krede do donjeg eocena. Formaciji Gornji Humac odgovaraju naslage iz uvale Maslinova, formacija Dol utvrĊena je u uzorcima iz kamenoloma Nereţišća i s izdanka Zagvozd,a naslage formacije Sumartin nalazimo u uvalama Likva, Splitska, Mirca i Sumartin i kamenolomu Puĉišća). Uzorcima je pridodan taloţni okoliš prema Wilson-ovom modelu facijesnih zona, te je ustanovljeno da su stijene na svim lokalitetima taloţene u uvjetima unutarnje platforme s povremeno ograniĉenom cirkulacijom vode, osim na lokalitetu Nereţišća gdje je pelagiĉki facijes nastao na otvorenom šelfu. Na lokalitetu Likva, uz naslage mastrihta, mikrofosilima je dokazan danski kat (paleocen). Eeocenske (ipr) naslage bogate koniĉnim aglutiniranim foraminiferama leţe na paleocenskim. Mikrofosili odreĊeni u uzorcima iz uvale Mirca uupućuju na paleocensku starost. Usporedbom litoloških svojstava stijene s njihovim primarnim remanentnim magnetizmom ustanovljena (potvrĊena) je njegova negativna korelacija s udjelom bioklasta u stijeni.Facies and micropaleontological interpretation of hand-samples and paleomagentic cores are presented in this Thesis.The studied samples are of the age ranging from the Late Cretaceous to Early Eocene.According to the litostratigraphic description samples from Maslinova bay are Gornji Humac Formation, those from Nereţišća quarry and Zagvozd belong to Dol Formation, while samples collected in Splitska, Likva, Sumartin bays and Puĉišća quarry are Sumartin Formation. Depositional environments were interpreted according to Wilson's model. Sediments were deposited within inner platform setting with restricted or normal circulation pattern, except the Nereţišća samples where pelagic (outer platform) deposition took place. Microfossils found in Likva sediments confirmed Danian age. There these sediments pass upward into Eocene (Ypresian) rich in agglutinated conical foraminifera. Comparison of the lithological properties of the rocks with their natural remanent magnetization confirmed the negative correlation with the amount of bioclasts in the rock

Causes and consequences of demographic development in the territory of Velebit Nature Park, 1857–2001

Abstract Background and Purpose: The focus of this paper is the population and level of human habitation in Velebit Nature Park. The objective is to show the causes underlying demographic development, including population figures from 1857 to 2001 and overall population trends from 1961 to 2001 (population dynamics, natural trends and migrations) and their consequences in the contemporary habitation structure (settlements based on size and age composition of their populations). Research methodology, periodization and spatial scheme: The research approach was based on application of demographic models (demographic transition, general population trends and percentage evalvation of the population’s age structure), methods (spatial analysis and synthesis) and techniques (tabular and cartographic analysis of relevant indicators). Periodization encompasses the intercensal periods from 1857 to 2001, wherein emphasis is placed on analysis of demographic development during the 1961–2001 period and the 1991–2001 period. The special scheme for research constitutes Velebit Nature Park as a whole, its four population zones (sub-montane settlements, coastal settlements, peripheral Lika settlements and Zrmanja area settlements), and settlements in the wider Park zone (a total of 75 settlements). Results and Conclusions: From the time of its first settlement in the late seventeenth century until the beginning of the twentieth century, the population in the Park’s territory grew, whereafter continual depopulation ensued. At its peak in 1910, the population in the wide territory of the Park was 52,202, which is approximately 22 persons/km2, while in 2001 the population was only 9,219, or less than 4 persons/km2. Main causes for this drastic depopulation were emigration (under conditions of agrarian overpopulation and lagging regional development) and destructive impact of wars (WorldWar II and Croatia’s \u27HomelandWar\u27 inthe 1990s). Given the overriding population trends, the result was that by the 1960s this became an exodus area marked by explicit emigratory trends, while by the 1970s this became a dying-off trend. This fact is reflected in the modern habitation structure, characterized by predominance of small settlements with populations marked by extremely advanced age. Enervation of the social energy to make use of the Park’s resources and threats to habitats by natural succession of vegetation – with the ensuing negative impact on biological diversity and landscapes – dictate the need to revitalize the population within the framework of sustainable development in the protected area

Polarization of Regional Economic Development in Croatia: Trends and Challanges in a New Geographic Reality

This paper examines how the proposed conceptualization of Croatia’s regional economic development, Koncepcija regionalnong gospodarskog razvitka Republike Hrvatske (1999), addresses the challenges of Croatia’s uneven economic development. While the problems of Croatia’s lagging regions have been addressed, the conceptualization contains controversies regarding what should be the guiding principles of regional policy – targeted or balanced regional economic development. The proposed conceptualization represents a mixture of neoliberal thinking about the key actors in regional economic development, principles of European Union regionalism and the socialist-era legacies. Consequently, it lacks clarity in several key aspects. A specific challenge is the existing multiciplicity of regional and socials interests as well as the limitations of regional economic development based on rigid administrative-territorial units

Entvölkerung der Gespanschaften und regionale Entwicklungsdisparität in Kroatien

Razlike u regionalnoj razvijenosti bitno su predodredile smjer i intenzitet prostornoga prerazmje{taja stanovni{tva Hrvatske u drugoj polovici 20. stolje}a. Polarizacija naseljenosti, a u vezi s tim i razoran utjecaj rata iz prve polovice 1990-ih godina, imaju za posljedicu da je vi{e ili manje intenzivnom depopulacijom u posljednjem me|upopisnom razdoblju zahva}eno oko 85% povr{ine dr`avnoga teritorija. U radu je istra`ena depopulacija `upanija kao rezultat regionalnoga dispariteta Hrvatske od 1961. do 2001. te povratni utjecaj polarizacije naseljenosti i ekonomskih aktivnosti na regionalni razvoj. Razlike u razvijenosti `upanija obrazlo`ene su modelom kumulativne uzro~nosti nastanka regionalnoga dispariteta, dok je prostorni razmje{taj stanovni{tva izme|u slabije razvijenih `upanija i sredi{ta polariziranoga razvoja razmotren kroz odnos centar – periferija. Istra`ivanje je pokazalo da najve}e razvojno zaostajanje, i time uvjetovano smanjenje broja stanovnika, od po~etka 1960-ih godina bilje`e `upanije s perifernim polo`ajem i slabije razvijenim glavnim sredi{njim naseljem. Pogor{an vitalitet stanovni{tva, kao rezultat iseljavanja stanovni{tva do po~etka 1990-ih godina, te utjecaj rata nakon toga uzrokovali su najvi{e stope njihove depopulacije i od 1991. do 2001. S druge strane, intenzivno prostorno okupljanje stanovni{tva i na taj na~in stvorene razlike u razmje{taju radnoga potencijala odrazili su se u dosad najve}em disparitetu u regionalnom razvoju Hrvatske. Njegovi su polovi Grad Zagreb, odnosno Zagreba~ka regija (Grad Zagreb i Zagreba~ka `upanija) i Li~ko-senjska `upanija, od kojih je potonja zahva}ena i najintenzivnijim demografskim izumiranjem.Differences in regional development have had great importance in determining the direction and intensity of the spatial redistribution of Croatia\u27s population during the second half of the last century. Hence population polarisation and the damaging influence of the war from the first half of the 1990s have given rise to more or less intensive depopulation in the last period between censuses which has affected about 85% of the country\u27s territory. The depopulation of counties as a result of Croatia\u27s regional disparities in the period from 1961 to 2001 has been analysed in the paper, as well as the retroactive influence of population polarisation and economic activities on the existing regional development. Differences in the development of counties have been interpreted through the model of cumulative causality of the occurrence of regional disparity, while spatial distribution of the population between the less developed counties and the centres of polarised development has been examined through the relationship centre – periphery. The research has shown that the greatest developmental setback and consequent decline of population since the early 1960s has been registered by counties with a peripheral position and less developed main central settlement. Rapid ageing and the deteriorated vitality of the population, as a result of emigration processes until the early 1990s, and the damaging impact of the war which followed, caused the highest rates of depopulation also between 1991 and 2001. On the other hand, intensive spatial concentration of the population and subsequent differences in distribution of the work potential have resulted in the highest disparity of Croatia\u27s regional development so far. Its poles are the City of Zagreb, i.e. the Zagreb Region (Grad Zagreb and Zagreba~ka `upanija) and the Li~ko-Senjska County, the latter being also affected by the most intensive process of demographic extinction.Die regionalen Unterschiede im wirtschaftlichen Entwicklungsstand haben räumliche Verteilung sowie Siedlungsdichte der Bevölkerung Kroatiens in der zweiten Hälfte des 20. Jahrhunderts wesentlich beeinflusst. Die damit einhergehenden polarisierenden Siedlungstendenzen und die verheerenden Folgen des Kriegsgeschehens in der ersten Hälfte der 90er-Jahre hatten zur Folge, dass in der Zeit zwischen den letzten beiden Volkszählungen (1971 und 2001) auf etwa 85% des staatlichen Territoriums der Entvölkerungstrend mehr oder weniger stark ausgeprägt war. Diese Studie widmet sich der Untersuchung der Entvölkerung in den kroatischen Gespanschaften als einem Ergebnis der regionalen Entwicklungsdisparität im Zeitraum von 1961 bis 2001, ferner der Rückwirkung, den die Polarisierung von Besiedlung und wirtschaftlicher Tätigkeit auf die aktuelle regionale Entwicklung ausübte. Die jeweiligen Unterschiede im Entwicklungsstand der Gespanschaften werden erklärt anhand des Modells kumulativer Kausalität bei der Entstehung regionaler Entwicklungsdisparität, während die räumliche Verteilung der Bevölkerung auf die weniger entwickelten Gespanschaften einerseits und die Ballungszentren polarisierter Entwicklung andererseits anhand des Verhältnisses Zentrum-Peripherie beleuchtet wird. Die Untersuchung ergab, dass die peripher gelegenen Gespanschaften mit ihren weniger entwickelten Zentren am rückständigsten sind und daher den größten Bevölkerungsrückgang seit den 60er- Jahren des 20. Jahrhunderts zu verbuchen haben. Der beschleunigte Alterungsprozess und die verminderte Vitalität der Bevölkerung als Resultate der Abwanderung bis zum Beginn der 90er-Jahre sowie die verheerenden Kriegsfolgen der nachfolgenden Jahre hatten zur Folge, dass die Entvölkerungsrate auch im Zeitraum 1991–2001 in diesen Gespanschaften am höchsten war. Andererseits haben die Ballung der Bevölkerung in bestimmten städtischen Großräumen und die somit entstandenen Unterschiede in der Verteilung der arbeitsfähigen Bevölkerung die bislang größte Disparität in der regionalen Entwicklung Kroatiens nach sich gezogen. Die diesbezüglichen Pole sind der Großraum Zagreb (die Stadt Zagreb und die Zagreber Gespanschaft) als das bevölkerungsreichste Ballungszentrum des Landes und die Gespanschaft Lika-Senj, die am stärksten vom demografischen Aussterben bedroht ist

Biosurveillance of Technocracy in a Pandemic

Tehnokracija je ekonomska i društvena kontrola zajednice i pojedinca koja je primjetna i na Istoku i Zapadu. Tehnokratsko doba podrazumijeva postupno stvaranje kontroliranog i usmjerenog društva kojim dominira elita, čiji zahtjev za političku moć počiva na navodno superiornom znanstvenom iskustvu. Tehnokraciju ne interesira politička ideologija, već samo najbolja i najučinkovitija rješenja problema, ističući da se znanosti treba podčiniti jer nam daje moć nad prirodom, dok moć u potpunosti potječe iz tehnike. Tehnologija postaje više biološka, dok biologija postaje tehnološka. Bionadzor u pandemiji u sebi sadrži apstraktne forme panoptikuma, kao kategorije moći s disciplinskom funkcijom u cilju nametanja određenog ponašanja i iskorištavanja moći ljudskog kapitala koji obuhvaća biopolitičko tijelo s jedne strane, u Foucaultovoj perspektivi, i društvenu kontrolu s druge strane, kako je vidi Gilles Deleuze. U kapitalizmu bionadzora, kapital korporacija u sebi objedinjuje kontroliranu, disperzivnu, sveobuhvatnu i sveprisutnu umreženu moć. Bionadzor nad pojedincima ne provodi se samo kroz ideologije već i kroz svijest – i u tijelu i nad tijelom u spektaklu straha i medijskog programiranja, kroz sve aspekte društvenog života. Radom se dokazuje da je tehnokracija ovladala svakim aspektom bionadzora u društvu kroz mehanizme praćenja i usmjeravanja ponašanja pojedinaca, te njegovoj modifikaciji, predviđanju i kontroli. Kroz bionadzor tehnokracija teži stvaranju poslušnog podanika i dominaciji privatne sfere domenama javnog interesa. Tehnokracija je ovladala suverenom moći koja traži poslušnost, disciplinskom koja zahtjeva pokornost i regulativnom koja zahtjeva pokoravanje i podčinjavanje zdravlju stanovništva kroz organizirani sustav psihološke intervencije i zakonodavnih normi.Technocracy is the economic and social control of the community and individuals that is noticeable in both the East and the West. The technetronic era involves the gradual appearance of a more controlled and directed society. Such a society would be dominated by an elite whose claim to political power would rest on allegedly superior scientific know-how. Technocrats have never cared about political ideology, but rather only about the best and most efficient solutions to problems. Science is to be admired because it gives us power over nature, and the power comes wholly from technique. Technology becomes more biological, while biology becomes more technological. In the pandemic, biosurveillance contains abstract forms of the panopticon, as a category of power with a disciplinary function aimed at imposing certain behavior and exploiting the power of human capital, which includes the biopolitical body on the one hand, in Foucault’s perspective, and social control, as seen by Gilles Deleuze, on the other. In biosurveillance capitalism, corporate capital brings together controlled, dispersive, comprehensive, and ubiquitous networked power. Biosurveillance of individuals is not only carried out through ideologies but also through consciousness – both in and over the body in the spectacle of fear and media programming, through all aspects of social life. The article proves that technocracy has possessed every aspect of biosurveillance in society because it has gained instrumental power that tends to instrumentalize behavior, modification, prediction, and control. Through biosurveillance, technocracy tends to create obedient subjects and dominate the private sphere by domains of public interest. Technocracy has controlled the sovereign power that demands obedience, the disciplinary power that demands submission, and the regulative power that demands obedience and submission to the health of the class through an organized system of psychological intervention and legislative norms

Impact of anthropometric measurements on ergonomic driver posture and safety

Basic properties of vehicle interior are described. Car seat design, upholstery fabrics and passenger safety have been particularly emphasized. Textile fabrics as products providing comfort, safety and esthetics of the vehicle interiorwere dealt with. Safety belts, airbags and car seat covers were specially pointed out. Specific problems related to the safety of passengers, whose anthropometric measurements deviate from the average ones, were addressed

Rhythm sections in drama based theater

U pisanom završnom radu proučavam funkcioniranje čovjekovog mentalnog prostora i njegov prijenos u čovjekov izraz te propitujem kroz dosadašnje ispitne produkcije kako se taj proces odražava na glumu i režiju. Mentalni prostor i izraz vremenski su produkti obrade forme i sadržaja u vremenu. Jedino što je istovjetno u misli i izrazu je ritamski obrazac. On se ostvaruje tako što spaja više vremenskih linija u naizgled jednu informaciju koju dobivamo u izrazu. Ritamski obrazac u sebi ne nosi sadržaj i formu, ali je produkt odnosa toga dvoga. U glumi i režiji taj proces je često obrnut prijenos. Publika gleda ritmički obrađen materijal već grupiran u makro situacije - ritamske sekcije i ritamske sekvence. Međutim na probi obrnutim redoslijedom istražujemo kako mentalni prostor glumca proširiti na način kako bi dao točan ritamski obrazac u izrazu. Ritam je jedino u izvedbi što jest, on nema negaciju, te o njemu možemo imati stav. Ritam ne možemo ne usvojiti, neovisno o tome je li ritam svjesno ili nesvjesno primljen.In my final thesis I research the functioning of the human mental space and its transmission into a man's expression and I study this process through acting and directing of the former exam productions. Mental space and expression are temporal products of form and content processing in time. The only thing that is identical in thought and expression is the rhythmic pattern. It is accomplished by joining several time lines in the seemingly one information we get in the expression. The rhythmic pattern in itself does not carry the content and form but is the product of the relationship between the two. In acting and directing this process is often a reverse transmission. The audience sees rhythmically processed material already grouped into macro situations - rhythmic sections and rhythmic sequences. However, during rehearsals we research in a reversed sequence how the actor's mental space expands in a way that would give the exact rhythmic pattern in an expression. Rhythm is the unique thing in itself in a performance, it is without negation so we can acquire an attitude towards it. We can not be unadapted to the rhythm, regardless of whether the rhythm has been consciously or unconsciously received

Contribution to the knowledge of Climate and Climatic Regionalization of Lika Region, Croatia

Matematički položaj u sredini sjevernog umjerenog pojasa te oblik i smještaj zavale u zavjetrini priobalnog planinskog niza (Velebita) osnovni su činioci kojima su predisponirana klimatska obilježja Like. Makroreljefna struktura, odnosno reljefna dinamika ima za posljedicu veliki modifikatorski utjecaj reljefa, što se manje ili više očituje kod svih klimatskih elemenata. Rezultat toga je velika raznolikost klime na razmjerno malom prostoru. Prema Köppenovoj klasifikaciji klima, u Lici se mogu izdvojiti četiri podtipa klima, odnosno odgovarajuća klimatska područja: 1. Umjereno kontinentsko klimatsko područje sa svježim ljetom (Cfc), 2. Sredozemno klimatsko područje sa svježim ljetom (Csc), 3. Sredozemno klimatsko područje sa vrućim ljetom (Csa) i 4. Planinsko ili snježno-šumsko klimatsko područje (pojas) (Dfc).The mathematical position in the center of the northern moderate belt and the form and location of the basin in the windy coastal mountain range (Velebit) are basic factors predisposing the climatic characteristics of Lika. The macrorelief structure, i.e. relief dynamics, has as a consequence a great modifying effect upon the relief, which more or less is evident in all the climatic elements. The result of this is a great variety of climates in a reasonably small area. According to Köppen climate classification, in Lika four subtypes of climate can be differentiated, i.e. corresponding climating areas: 1. Moderate continental climatic area with cool summers (Cfc), 2. Mediterranean climatic area with cool summers (Csc), 3. Mediterranean climatic area with hot summers (Csa), and 4. Mountain or snow-forested climatic area (belt) (Dfc)