1,531 research outputs found
Zero-norm states and stringy symmetries
We identify spacetime symmetry charges of 26D open bosonic string theory from
an infinite number of zero-norm states (ZNS) with arbitrary high spin in the
old covariant first quantized string spectrum. We give various evidences to
support this identification. These include massive sigma-model calculation,
Witten string field theory calculation, 2D string theory calculation and, most
importantly, three methods of high-energy stringy scattering amplitude
calculations. The last calculations explicitly prove Gross's conjectures in
1988 on high energy symmetry of string theory.Comment: 6 pages. Talks presented by Jen-Chi Lee at XXVIII Spanish Relativity
Meeting (ERE2005),"A Century of Relativity Physics",Oviedo,Spain,6-10 Sep
2005 and "4th Meeting on constrained Dynamics and Quantum Gravity",Cala
Gonone,Sardinia,Italy,12-16 Sep 2005. To appear in the Journal of Physics:
Conference Serie
Towards An Integrated Effort For Managing IT Process Standards Implementation
Adopting IT process standards seems to be a trend for IT organizations to meet ad-hoc informational needs and to provide better business value. Due to the changing environments of IT organizations themselves, one key to IT success lies in not only the establishment, but also the sustainability of ad-hoc professional IT functions. As IT organizations face many kinds of process standards to implement for various IT functions and although the implementations may be different due to various IT domains, from the management point of view, these implementations may not exist individually. This article attempts to highlight a possibility of an integrated effort to effectively manage the implementations of IT standards in an IT organization. Such a shared management refers to the integrated institutionalization design, which provides a road map for all IT functions to systematically improve and sustain the implementation results. A case example is provided for demonstrating the proposed attempt
High-energy zero-norm states and symmetries of string theory
High-energy limit of zero-norm states (HZNS) in the old covariant first
quantized (OCFQ) spectrum of the 26D open bosonic string, together with the
assumption of a smooth behavior of string theory in this limit, are used to
derive infinitely many linear relations among the leading high-energy, fixed
angle behavior of four point functions of different string states. As a result,
ratios among all high-energy scattering amplitudes of four arbitrary string
states can be calculated algebraically and the leading order amplitudes can be
expressed in terms of that of four tachyons as conjectured by Gross in 1988. A
dual calculation can also be performed and equivalent results are obtained by
taking the high-energy limit of Virasoro constraints. Finally, as a consistent
sample calculation, we compute all high-energy scattering amplitudes of three
tachyons and one massive state at the leading order by saddle-point
approximation to justify our results.Comment: 10 pages, no figure, modifications of text and reference
IT Portfolio Investment Evaluation on E-Commerce Solution Alternatives
Our study examines the group decision-making process and proposes a multi-criteria framework for e-commerce solution investment in information technology (IT) portfolios. First, the evaluation criteria that fit in the IT evaluation context are constructed. Second, the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) is employed to determine the weights of decision criteria and the benefit score to the company. Third, the Fuzzy Multiple Criteria Decision-Making (FMCDM) approach is used to synthesize the team decision. Finally, an empirical case of five proposed portal solutions in a car manufacturing company is used to exemplify the approach
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