Incarceration's Front Door: The Misuse of Jails in America

Local jails, which exist in nearly every town and city in America, are built to hold people deemed too dangerous to release pending trial or at high risk of flight. This, however, is no longer primarily what jails do or whom they hold, as people too poor to post bail languish there and racial disparities disproportionately impact communities of color. This report reviews existing research and data to take a deeper look at our nation's misuse of local jails and to determine how we arrived at this point. It also highlights jurisdictions that have taken steps to mitigate negative consequences, all with the aim of informing local policymakers and their constituents who are interested in reducing recidivism, improving public safety, and promoting stronger, healthier communities

Antimigraine medication use and associated health care costs in employed patients

Migraine is under diagnosed and suboptimally treated in the majority of patients, and also associated with decreased productivity in employees. The objective of this retrospective study is to assess the antimigraine medication use and associated resource utilization in employed patients. Patients with primary diagnosis of migraine or receiving antimigraine prescription drugs were identified from an employer-sponsored health insurance plan in 2010. Medical utilization and health care costs were determined for the year of 2010. Generalized linear regression was applied to evaluate the association between health care costs and the use of antimigraine medications by controlling covariates. Of 465 patients meeting the study criteria, nearly 30% that had migraine diagnosis were prescribed antimigraine medications, and 20% that had migraine diagnosis were not prescribed antimigraine medications. The remaining 50% were prescribed antimigraine medications but did not have migraine diagnosis. Patients with antimigraine medication prescriptions showed lower frequency of emergency department visits than those without antimigraine medication prescriptions. Regression models indicated an increase in migraine-related health care costs by 86% but decreases in all-cause medical costs and total health care costs by 42 and 26%, respectively, in the antimigraine medication use group after adjusting for covariates. Employed patients experienced inadequate pharmacotherapy for migraine treatment. After controlling for covariates, antimigraine prescription drug use was associated with lower total medical utilization and health care costs. Further studies should investigate patient self-reported care and needs to manage headache and develop effective intervention to improve patient quality of life and productivity

Intravitreal Liposome-Encapsulated Genfamicin in a Rabbit Model Prolonged Theropeuric Levels

The authors investigated the effect of Hposome encapsulation on the pharmacokinetics of gentamicin after intravitreal injection in albino rabbits, using immunofluorescent assay. Centamicin was encapsulated into liposomes of phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidic acid, and alpha-tocopherol. The final liposomal suspension contained gentamicin, 10 mg/ml, 95% encapsulated. One eye of each rabbit received an intravitreal injection (100 mg gentamicin per 0.1 ml) of either liposome-encapsulated gentamicin (LEG) or gentamicin in phosphate-buffered saline (G s ). Equilibrium dialysis separated free from encapsulated drug in vitreous samples. The peak free drug concentration was significantly less (P < .01, unpaired t-test) with LEG than with G s . Concentrations of free and total gentamicin were significantly greater (P < .05) with LEG than with G s at 24, 72,120, and 192 hr. LEG gave a twofold increase in area under the drug concentration time curve for total drug, and a 1.5-fold increase for free drug when compared to G s . Invest Ophthalmol Vi