An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues

[EN] Waste management is critical for the food industry for which there is increasing interest in food waste valorisation processes. Pineapple waste, an abundant agro-industrial residue, is studied as a low-cost material for the generation of different value-added products. The work succeeds in obtaining bioethanol and proteolytic enzymes from these residues and, accordingly, integrated approaches for pineapple waste valorisation combining the production of bioethanol and bromelain in a unique process are suggested. There are several potential uses for the products obtained, while bioethanol is a well-known alternative to petroleum-based transport fuels, bromelain is mainly used in the food and pharmaceutical industries, and it has also applications in the cosmetics, textile, leather and detergents ones. Proposals are based on the optimization of bioethanol production through different fermentation and saccharification processes: direct fermentation of the liquor, consecutive saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste and simultaneous saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste. Simultaneous saccharification and fermentation increased ethanol production (5.4 +/- 0.1% v/v) as compared to direct fermentation (4.7 +/- 0.3%) and saccharification and fermentation of the solid waste (4.9 +/- 0.4% v/v) processes. On the other hand, bromelain separation was accomplished using membrane separation techniques (microfiltration and ultrafiltration), and further stabilization of the concentrated stream by freeze-drying. An increased protein concentration after downstream processes was confirmed by the Lowry analytical method (11.5 +/- 1.2 to 21.0 +/- 1.3 mg/mL in the retentate), and the proteolytic activity of the lyophilized powder was estimated in 340-805 Gelatine Digestion Units. The resulting permeate successfully underwent fermentation for bioethanol production. (C) 2017 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2018). An integrated approach for pineapple waste valorisation. Bioethanol production and bromelain extraction from pineapple residues. Journal of Cleaner Production. 172:1224-1231. doi:https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jclepro.2017.10.284S1224123117

Understanding osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods by means of a cellular approach

[EN] This contribution presents a study on osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods based on a microstructural approach in which simplified systems such as isolated apple cells and protoplasts have been used. An appropriate description of the microstructure of the raw material and its evolution during processing has been evidenced as critical in order to better understand and describe osmotic dehydration processes; as a direct consequence, it is stated that predictive models should incorporate this microstructural information so as to be more reliable. Microstructural changes observed by examining the isolated cells under the microscope along the treatments have been used to identify critical points that separate the stages that a cell undergoes, and which depend also on its particular response to the osmotic treatment (lysis, shrinkage or complete plasmolysis). Irreversible thermodynamics has been used to mathematically describe the process by distinguishing two main stages: one at which significant deformation-relaxation phenomena are coupled with mass transfer, and another one at which the former may be neglected. (C) 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.The authors would like to thank the Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) for financial support, and the organising committee of the International Conference on Food Innovation 2010 (FoodInnova2010) for granting this work with the best oral communication for young scientists award.Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2012). Understanding osmotic dehydration of tissue structured foods by means of a cellular approach. Journal of Food Engineering. 110(2):240-247. doi:10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2011.05.012S240247110

A study on the rehydration ability of isolated apple cells after osmotic dehydration treatments

[EN] A study on rehydration of isolated apple cells is presented. Isolated cells previously dehydrated in 35% and 25% sucrose solutions were rehydrated in 5% sucrose under the microscope with the aim of analyzing the phenomena that take place during rehydration. Cells response to rehydration was found to be more heterogeneous than their response to hypertonic treatments. Cells showed different degrees of delay in their response, which was related to differences in the formation and preservation of membrane-to-wall connections. Results confirmed that rehydration success is based on the preservation of the structures along both, dehydration and rehydration treatments. During swelling, Hechtian strands are reincorporated to the protoplast as far as they are formed and preserved during dehydration and rehydration; their absence or shortage leading to a loss of rehydration capacity or even membrane lysis. Different stages have been identified during rehydration, mass transfer being coupled with deformation–relaxation phenomena once the protoplast reaches the cell wall. Phenomenological coefficients for water transfer indicated that rehydration kinetics is faster than water transfer during dehydration.The authors would like to acknowledge Ministerio de Educacion y Ciencia (Spain) for financial support (Project AGL2009-09905).Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Suñer, PJ.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2013). A study on the rehydration ability of isolated apple cells after osmotic dehydration treatments. Journal of Food Engineering. 115(2):145-153. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jfoodeng.2012.08.038S145153115

Estudio in vitro del efecto antibacteriano de derivados de Bis(Pirazol) metano sobre cepas clínicas procedentes de infecciones óticas

Esta Tesis Doctoral tiene el propósito de evaluar los efectos antibacterianos de nuevos derivados nitrogenados de bis(triazolil)metano y bis(pirazolil)metano con el fin de desarrollar compuestos terapéuticos alternativos para pacientes con otitis externa (OE). En este sentido, hemos conseguido sintetizar y analizar una posible alternativa con efectos antibacterianos relevantes a dosis no citotóxicas, la cual consistió en un compuesto basado en bis(pirazolol) metano al que se le añadieron radicales de p-Cymene (SC-19). La actividad antibacteriana sobre estados planctónicos y formando biofilms de 18 compuestos se evaluó utilizando cepas de colección de Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli y Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Ademas, el compuesto que mostró mayor actividad antimicrobiana, el SC-19, se testó contra cepas aisladas de pacientes con OE, entre las que se encontraron cepas de P. aeruginosa, de S. aureus, de K. aerogenes, de S. marcenses y de M. morganii. En este mismo compuesto, también se realizaron ensayos de viabilidad de MTT y resazurina en líneas celulares eucariotas humanas, para determinar si el efecto antibacteriano es superior o inferior a la dosis que produce efectos citotóxicos. Entre los resultados más relevantes obtenidos en esta Tesis Doctoral, destacamos que solo el SC-19, a concentraciones no tóxicas, mostró un efecto inhibitorio sobre el crecimiento de las cepas Gram-positivas, aunque no se observó un efecto bactericida a estas dosis no tóxicas. A dosis más altas, SC-19 tuvo un efecto lítico en las cepas de S. aureus y E. coli, aunque estas dosis resultaron tóxicas en cultivos de células eucariotas. Los resultados sitúan a este compuesto como punto de partida prometedor para el desarrollo de agentes novedosos y más potentes contra bacterias Gram- positivas, así pues, se continua la investigación con este compuesto mediante el acoplamiento al mismo de iones metálicos y así conseguir potenciar su efecto antibacteriano sin incrementar la citotoxicidad de manera significativa

Hydrolytic performance of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei cellulases on lignocellulosic industrial pineapple waste intended for bioethanol production

[EN] Purpose The hydrolytic action of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei commercial cellulases, alone or combined with A. niger hemicellulase, against industrial pineapple waste as a previous step to produce bioethanol was investigated. Methods Enzymatic hydrolysis experiments were conducted in static conditions in an incubation oven, by adding the corresponding enzyme mixture to the pineapple waste (combinations of 0, 0.1, 0.2 and 0.4 (w/w) of cellulase from A. niger or T. reesei and hemicellulase from A. niger). pH and total soluble solids were examined along the treatments, and the sugar profile in the final hydrolysates was evaluated by high-performance anion-exchange chromatography. Results Trichoderma reesei cellulase exhibited a significantly faster initial hydrolysing rate than A. niger cellulase (0.258±0.004 vs. 0.15±0.07, for the maximum enzyme concentrations assayed), although differences regarding soluble sugars increments were not significant at the end of the treatment (0.349±0.009 vs. 0.34±0.05). Glucose, fructose, sucrose, arabinose, xylose and cellobiose were identified in the hydrolysates. Increasing enzyme concentration (cellulase or hemicellulase) produced an increase in total and fermentable sugars released (17 and 11%, respectively, for the maximum enzymatic concentration assayed); besides, a synergistic effect of combining hemicellulase and cellulase was identified. Accumulation of cellobiose (up to 4.4 g/L), which may slow down hydrolysis, evidenced the weaker ß-glucosidase activity of T. reesei cellulase. Due to its performance and the lower cost of the enzyme, A. niger cellulase was chosen as an alternative. Conclusions Commercial A. niger cellulase represents an efficient alternative to T. reesei cellulase for the saccharification of industrial pineapple waste, especially when combined with a hemicellulase. Total sugars present in the final hydrolysates indicated that A. niger cellulase performed similarly at a lower cost, with no cellobiose accumulation. However, if processing time is a limiting factor, T. reesei cellulase could be the one preferred.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Universitat Politècnica de València FPI grant programmeConesa Domínguez, C.; Seguí Gil, L.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2017). Hydrolytic performance of Aspergillus niger and Trichoderma reesei cellulases on lignocellulosic industrial pineapple waste intended for bioethanol production. 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Evaluation of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. Rojo Brillante) Industrial Residue as a Source for Value Added Products

[EN] Purpose To evaluate the potential of the industrial waste of Rojo Brillante persimmon as a source for value-added products. The antioxidant compounds present in persimmon industrial waste (peel and calyx) and the suitability of this bagasse to be used as a substrate second-generation bioethanol production are studied and discussed. Both value-added products would contribute to the valorization of persimmon fruit residues, which are expected to increase to a higher extent in subsequent years, thus contributing to the food industry sustainability and circular economy. Methods Antioxidant properties were evaluated by analyzing total phenol content, soluble tannins, flavonoids and antioxidant capacity of the waste, consisting of the peel and calyx of the fresh-cut persimmon industry. In a different approach, several fermentation and saccharification processes were assayed in order to valorize the waste as a substrate for bioethanol production: direct fermentation (DF) of the waste (with water addition, sterilized or not) was carried out and compared with simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF) of the waste (with and without water addition). Results The amount of phenols (59.2¿±¿0.4 mg AGE/100 g FW), flavonoids (7.5¿±¿0.4 mg QE/100 g FW) and tannins (11.43¿±¿0.08 g AGE/100 g FW), as well as the antioxidant capacity (16.67 mg TE/100 g FW) of persimmon industrial waste were in the range of the pulp values. Persimmon waste was especially rich in carotenoids: ß-carotene (400¿±¿7 µg/100 g FW) and lycopene (194.3¿±¿0.7 µg/100 g FW), these being values higher than in the whole fruit or pulp. Bioethanol production was more successful when a simultaneous saccharification and fermentation process was directly applied on the grinded waste (0.36¿±¿0.010 gethanol/gsugar), as compared to the other DF and SSF assayed. Conclusions Persimmon waste can be considered a good candidate for obtaining value-added products. Carotenoids could be extracted from this waste, but it is recommended to develop food ingredients in the form of flours of powders to be used as functional ingredients. Persimmon waste is also recommended as a substrate for second-generation bioethanol production, either alone or mixed with other food residual biomass.The authors would like to acknowledge the financial support of the Universitat Politècnica de València FPI grant programme and Anecoop S. Coop for facilitating the persimmon wasteConesa, C.; Laguarda-Miro, N.; Fito, P.; Seguí Gil, L. (2020). Evaluation of Persimmon (Diospyros kaki Thunb. cv. 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Effect of human interferon-alpha-2b on experimental endometriosis in rats: comparison between short and long series of treatment

Objective: A randomised and controlled experimental study was carried out to determine the effect of short and long series of treatment with recombinant human interferon-alpha-2b on surgically induced endometriosis in rats. Study design: Ninety-six Wistar adult female rats, which had undergone an autotransplant into the peritoneal cavity of four endometrial fragments measuring 4.5 mm at the side, were randomly divided into three groups. One third of the animals were manipulated like the treated animals but were not given treatment and served as control (group C). Another third (group S) were treated with three doses (one every 48 h, 100,000 U per dose) of recombinant human interferon-alpha-2b (subcutaneous route), and the last third (group L) were treated with fifteen doses of interferon (100,000 U every 48 h). Results: Before interferon was administered, there were no differences between groups in the average growth of experimental endometriosis per animal (17.3 6.7, 18.1 9.2, 16.4 5.6 mm in groups C, S and L respectively). After the treatment, experimental endometriosis per animal was significantly smaller in the groups treated with interferon than in the control non-treated group (p < 0.001), and in the group treated with 15 doses versus the group treated with 3 doses (p < 0.05), (17.6 7.5, 14.0 9.5, 9.4 6.0 mm in groups C, S, and L respectively). While the implants of the animals in the control group showed no change in size throughout the study (120 days) (+1.96% of variation), the mean size of the implants in the treated rats decreased, (22.7% with the short and 42.8% with the long series of treatment with interferon). Only one implant in group C (0.8%) disappeared, while this occurred in 27 cases (22.5%) in group S (p < 0.001) and in 45 (37.5%) in group L (p < 0.001 versus group C and p < 0.05 versus group S). Conclusion: The long series of treatment with human interferon-alpha-2b was more effective than the short one in reducing the size of surgically induced endometriosis in the peritoneal cavity of the rat

Microwaves as a pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of pineapple industrial waste for bioethanol production

[EN] The pineapple industry generates significant amounts of residues which are classified as lignocellulosic residual biomass. In the present paper, microwaves are studied as a pretreatment to improve pineapple waste saccharification. Different microwave (MW) powers (10.625, 8.5, 6.375, 4.25 and 2.125 W/g) and exposure times (1-20 min) were applied to the solid part of the waste before enzymatic hydrolysis. Infrared thermography was used to assess temperature evolution and structural modifications were evaluated by Cryo-SEM. Sugar content and fermentation inhibitors (phenols, furfural and hydroxymethylfurfural) were also determined. MW increased sugar yield as long as intermediate powers were used (up to 6.375 W/g). However, high powers and longer treatments resulted in sugar degradation and/or a decrease in the efficiency of the enzymatic hydrolysis process. Temperature records indicated that thermal sugar degradation may occur in those cases. The presence of fermentation inhibitors have been confirmed and related to prolonged MW treatments. Microscopic observations suggested that mild microwave pretreatments may promote microstructural changes that enhance enzyme performance, whereas harsher treatments could increase tissue compactness and reduce the effectiveness of the enzymatic treatment. It is concluded that microwave pretreatments using the appropriate energy supply and exposure time enhances saccharification efficiency, potentially improving further bioethanol yield. (C) 2016 Institution of Chemical Engineers. Published by Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.The authors would like to thank the Universitat Politecnica de Valencia for the FPI-UPV (2011) Program funds.Conesa Domínguez, C.; Seguí Gil, L.; Laguarda-Miro, N.; Fito Maupoey, P. (2016). Microwaves as a pretreatment for enhancing enzymatic hydrolysis of pineapple industrial waste for bioethanol production. Food and Bioproducts Processing. 100:203-213. doi:10.1016/j.fbp.2016.07.001S20321310

Is a bowel resection necessary for deep endometriosis with rectovaginal or colorectal involvement?

Background: The purpose of this paper is to report the long-term results of surgery without bowel resection in patients suffering from deep infiltrating endometriosis with rectovaginal or colorectal involvement. Methods: This retrospective observational study identified 42 patients suffering with deep infiltrating endometriosis who underwent surgery. Conservative surgery was performed in 23 women (only one of them with bowel resection), and 19 women underwent a hysterectomy and bilateral salpingo-oophorectomy (HBSO). In the conservative surgery group, a later HBSO was performed in eight patients as a second operation. Pregnancies, recurrences, reoperations, use of hormone replacement therapy, and outcomes during long-term follow-up were analyzed. Results: The average follow-up duration was 7 ± 5.7 years in conservative surgery cases. Only one patient was treated with sigmoid bowel resection in 1997 and had complications. In this conservative surgery group, 13 patients (56%) received medical treatment after surgery, 10 patients wanted to get pregnant (of whom seven [70%] were successful), and eight patients underwent a subsequent HBSO because of recurrent symptoms and/or endometrioma. Therefore, HBSO was performed in 27 patients, of whom 14 (51.8%) used hormone replacement therapy for 5.6 ± 3.6 years. No recurrences or complications were observed in patients after HBSO with or without hormone replacement therapy. Conclusion: Good clinical results can be obtained by performing only conservative surgery and/or HBSO without bowel resection, an alternative that could reduce the number of colorectal resections that are performed very frequently nowadays. After HBSO, patients may use hormone replacement therapy for several years with total satisfaction and well-being