Ecomorphological patterns in the Blackcap <i>Sylvia atricapilla</i>: insular versus mainland populations

<div><p><b>Capsule</b> Blackcap <i>Sylvia atricapilla</i> populations from the Azores archipelago show morphological differences to continental birds which are consistent with the ‘Island Rule’.</p><p><b>Aims</b> The morphology of insular vertebrates is usually the result of the evolution in their particular environment and leads to predictable morphological patterns, according to the Island Rule. We test the predictions of the Island Rule, using the Blackcap of the Azores archipelago as our model.</p><p><b>Methods</b> We compared morphological variation (body size and wing shape) of populations from the nine islands of the Azores to continental birds, using multivariate indexes. Also, we looked at the relationship between these patterns and possible insular ecological drivers of morphological divergence.</p><p><b>Results</b> Our findings are concordant with Island Rule predictions, as in general birds from the Azores are larger than continental populations, especially birds from the most distant islands. Wing shape also differs significantly, as Azorean Blackcaps tend to have rounder wings than continental birds with a migratory-like phenotype.</p><p><b>Conclusion</b> Overall, we conclude that the observed morphological patterns in Blackcap in the Azores conform in general to the Island Rule predictions.</p></div

<i>Mycobacterium avium</i> Infection Induces H-Ferritin Expression in Mouse Primary Macrophages by Activating Toll-Like Receptor 2

<div><p>Important for both host and pathogen survivals, iron is a key factor in determining the outcome of an infectious process. Iron with-holding, including sequestration inside tissue macrophages, is considered an important strategy to fight infection. However, for intra-macrophagic pathogens, such as <i>Mycobacterium avium</i>, host defence may depend on intracellular iron sequestration mechanisms. Ferritin, the major intracellular iron storage protein, plays a critical role in this process. In the current study, we studied ferritin expression in mouse bone marrow-derived macrophages upon infection with <i>M. avium</i>. We found that H-ferritin is selectively increased in infected macrophages, through an up-regulation of gene transcription. This increase was mediated by the engagement of Toll like receptor-2, and was independent of TNF-alpha or nitric oxide production. The formation of H-rich ferritin proteins and the consequent iron sequestration may be an important part of the panoply of antimicrobial mechanisms of macrophages.</p> </div

Effect of <i>Mycobacterium avium</i> infection on intramacrophagic ferritin.

<div><p>Bone marrow-derived macrophages were obtained from C57Bl/6 mice and infected with <i>M. avium</i>, as described in Material and Methods, or left uninfected. A - At different time points, macrophages were lysed and the amount of ferritin was quantified by ELISA. Data are presented as ng of ferritin per mg of total protein. The results are shown as average ± SD from one experiment performed in triplicate out of four independent experiments. Superscripts indicate statistical significance between M. avium-infected and uninfected, within the correspondent time-point, as follows: *<i>p</i><0.05, **<i>p</i><0.01, ***<i>p</i><0.001. B – BMM uninfected or infected with <i>M. avium</i> for 24h were incubated for 6h with (⁵⁵Fe) ferric ammonium citrate. Total protein (18 µg) was loaded (in duplicates) in native PAGE and exposed to autoradiography to analyze protein-bound iron. A single band was detected corresponding to cytosolic H/L ferritin. The values indicate the average relative band intensity for each condition. C – BMM infected with <i>M. avium</i> for 4h, 1 and 3 days and respective uninfected controls were tested for IRP-IRE binding activity, by gel retardation assay. 2% of 2-mercaptoethanol (2-ME) fully activates IRP binding activity and shows equal loading. BMM treated with iron or deferoxamine (DFO) were tested in a separated gel to confirm the reliability of the assay. D – BMM were treated with the transcriptional inhibitor actinomycin D or with vehicle. After an 8h-infection with <i>M. avium</i>, the BMM were lysed and H- and L-ferritin were quantified by ELISA. Results show the average + SD from one experiment performed in triplicate out of three independent experiments. ***<i>p</i><0.001, NS not significant. </p> <p>E – At different time points, total RNA was collected from macrophages and the expression levels of ferritin genes was quantified by qRT-PCR, and normalized to <i>Hprt1</i>. Results are shown as fold increase in <i>M. avium</i>-infected macrophages in comparison with uninfected ones. Data are presented as average ± SE from one experiment performed in triplicate from a total of two independent experiments. </p></div

TLR-2 activation leads to increased expression of H-ferritin.

<p>A, B – BMM from C57Bl/6 (WT) and TLR-2^-/- mice were left uninfected or infected for 24h with <i>M. avium</i>. The H-ferritin fold increase in infected BMM in comparison with uninfected ones is shown at the protein level (A) and mRNA (B). C – BMM were treated with the TLR-2 agonist FSL-1 for 24h, and the levels of H- and L-ferritin was quantified by ELISA. Results show the average + SD from one experiment performed in triplicate out of three independent experiments. Statistical differences as described in Figure 1.</p

Measurements of individual spermatozoa in Azores and Eurasian bullfinches

Measurements of head and flagellum length in 10 spermatozoa per male in 11 Azores bullfinches (P. murina) and 13 Eurasian bullfinches (P. pyrrhula) with details of sampling locality and date. (Raw data file for Table 1 in the paper

Pyrrhula pyrrhula sperm motility

Motility measures of individual sperm tracks analysed by Computer Assisted Sperm Ananlysis (CASA). The file lists the sperm tracks from 11 male Eurasian bullfinches (P. pyrrhula) with details of sampling locality and date. (Raw data file for Table 2 in the paper

Effect of <i>M. avium</i> infection on ferritin content in the absence of TNF-alpha, iNOS and TLR-2.

<p>Bone marrow-derived macrophages were obtained from C57Bl/6 (WT), TLR-2^-/-, TNF-alpha^-/- and NOS2^-/- mice. BMM were infected and the ferritin content was quantified as described in Figure 1. The results are shown as average ± SD from one experiment performed in triplicate out of two independent experiments.</p

Additional file 1: Table S1. of Studies in the mouse model identify strain variability as a major determinant of disease outcome in Leishmania infantum infection

Primers used to amplify mouse genes. (PDF 8 kb

Table_1_NeuroAIreh@b: an artificial intelligence-based methodology for personalized and adaptive neurorehabilitation.pdf

Cognitive impairments are a prevalent consequence of acquired brain injury, dementia, and age-related cognitive decline, hampering individuals' daily functioning and independence, with significant societal and economic implications. While neurorehabilitation represents a promising avenue for addressing these deficits, traditional rehabilitation approaches face notable limitations. First, they lack adaptability, offering one-size-fits-all solutions that may not effectively meet each patient's unique needs. Furthermore, the resource-intensive nature of these interventions, often confined to clinical settings, poses barriers to widespread, cost-effective, and sustained implementation, resulting in suboptimal outcomes in terms of intervention adaptability, intensity, and duration. In response to these challenges, this paper introduces NeuroAIreh@b, an innovative cognitive profiling and training methodology that uses an AI-driven framework to optimize neurorehabilitation prescription. NeuroAIreh@b effectively bridges the gap between neuropsychological assessment and computational modeling, thereby affording highly personalized and adaptive neurorehabilitation sessions. This approach also leverages virtual reality-based simulations of daily living activities to enhance ecological validity and efficacy. The feasibility of NeuroAIreh@b has already been demonstrated through a clinical study with stroke patients employing a tablet-based intervention. The NeuroAIreh@b methodology holds the potential for efficacy studies in large randomized controlled trials in the future.</p

Multicenter Randomized Trial of Intermittently Scanned Continuous Glucose Monitoring Versus Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose in Individuals With Type 2 Diabetes and Recent-Onset Acute Myocardial Infarction: Results of the LIBERATES Trial

   Objective Analyse the impact of modern glucose-monitoring strategies on glycemic and patient-related outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes (T2D) and recent myocardial infarction (MI), and also assess cost effectiveness.  Research design and methods LIBERATES was a multicentre, two-arm randomised trial comparing self-monitoring of blood glucose (SMBG) with intermittently scanned continuous glucose monitoring (isCGM), also known as flash CGM, in individuals with T2D and recent MI, treated with insulin and/or sulphonylurea prior to hospital admission.  The primary outcome measure was time in range (TIR; glucose 3.9-10 mmol/l)/day on days 76-90 post randomisation. Secondary and exploratory outcomes included time in hypoglycemia, hemoglobin (Hb)A1c, clinical outcome, quality of life (QoL) and cost effectiveness.  Results  Of 141 participants aged [median 63 IQR (53, 70) years, 73% males] randomised, isCGM was associated with increased TIR by 17mins/day (95% credible interval -105, +153mins/day) with 59% probability for a benefit. Users of isCGM showed lower hypoglycemic exposure ( Combined glycemic emergencies/mortality occurred in 4 isCGM and 7 SMBG study participants. QoL measures marginally favoured isCGM and the intervention proved to be cost-effective.  Conclusions Compared with SMBG, isCGM in T2D individuals with MI marginally increases TIR and significantly reduces hypoglycemic exposure while equally improving HbA1c, explaining its cost-effectiveness. Studies are required to understand whether these glycemic differences translate into longer term clinical benefit. </p