TLS- and inventory-based Magnitude – Frequency relationship for rockfall in Montserrat and Castellfollit de la Roca

Hazard scenarios are defined by a representative event of a certain magnitude, which corresponds to a frequency of occurrence or annual probability. In rockfall, scenario magnitude is identified by the total volume detached. Therefore, in diffuse hazard assessment it is crucial to fit this relationship magnitude/frequency, called McF, where cumulated frequency is quoted in spatial & temporal terms. Inventories are the classical source of data to deal with this objective. Last decade, TLS or digital photogrammetry monitoring came to offer a complementary approach. The samples obtained by the two methods have a specific coverage and each has its own lack of information that can be compensated together.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Using mixed reality for the visualization and dissemination of complex 3D models in geosciences: application to the Montserrat massif (Spain)

In the last two decades, both the amount and quality of geoinformation in the geosciences field have improved substantially due to the increasingly more widespread use of techniques such as Laser Scanning (LiDAR), digital photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles, geophysical reconnaissance (seismic, electrical, geomagnetic), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), among others. Furthermore, the advances in computing, storage and visualization resources allow the acquisition of 3D terrain models (surface and underground) with unprecedented ease and versatility. However, despite these scientific and technical developments, it is still a common practice to simplify the 3D data in 2D static images, losing part of its communicative potential. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of extended reality (XR) for communication and sharing of 3D geoinformation in the field of geosciences. A brief review of the different variants within XR is followed by the presentation of the design and functionalities of headset-type mixed-reality (MR) devices, which allow the 3D models to be investigated collaboratively by several users in the office environment. The specific focus is on the functionalities of Microsoft’s HoloLens 2 untethered holographic head mounted display (HMD), and the ADA Platform App by Clirio, which is used to manage model viewing with the HMD. We demonstrate the capabilities of MR for the visualization and dissemination of complex 3D information in geosciences in data rich and self-directed immersive environment, through selected 3D models (most of them of the Montserrat massif). Finally, we highlight the educational possibilities of MR technology. Today MR has an incipient and reduced use; we hope that it will gain popularity as the barriers of entry become lower.This research was funded by MCIN/ AEI/10.13039/501100011033: PID2019-103974RB-I00 and by Interreg V-A, POCTEFA: EFA364/19.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Rockfall Magnitude-Frequency Relationship Based on Multi-Source Data from Monitoring and Inventory

Quantitative hazard analysis of rockfalls is a fundamental tool for sustainable risk management, even more so in places where the preservation of natural heritage and people's safety must find the right balance. The first step consists in determining the magnitude-frequency relationship, which corresponds to the apparently simple question: how big and how often will a rockfall be detached from anywhere in the cliff? However, there is usually only scarce data on past activity from which to derive a quantitative answer. Methods are proposed to optimize the exploitation of multi-source inventories, introducing sampling extent as a main attribute for the analysis. This work explores the maximum possible synergy between data sources as different as traditional inventories of observed events and current remote sensing techniques. Both information sources may converge, providing complementary results in the magnitude-frequency relationship, taking advantage of each strength that overcomes the correspondent weakness. Results allow characterizing rockfall detachment hazardous conditions and reveal many of the underlying conditioning factors, which are analyzed in this paper. High variability of the hazard over time and space has been found, with strong dependencies on influential external factors. Therefore, it will be necessary to give the appropriate reading to the magnitude-frequency scenarios, depending on the application of risk management tools (e.g., hazard zoning, quantitative risk analysis, or actions that bring us closer to its forecast). In this sense, some criteria and proxies for hazard assessment are proposed in the paper

Machine Learning-Based Rockfalls Detection with 3D Point Clouds, Example in the Montserrat Massif (Spain)

Rock slope monitoring using 3D point cloud data allows the creation of rockfall inventories, provided that an efficient methodology is available to quantify the activity. However, monitoring with high temporal and spatial resolution entails the processing of a great volume of data, which can become a problem for the processing system. The standard methodology for monitoring includes the steps of data capture, point cloud alignment, the measure of differences, clustering differences, and identification of rockfalls. In this article, we propose a new methodology adapted from existing algorithms (multiscale model to model cloud comparison and density-based spatial clustering of applications with noise algorithm) and machine learning techniques to facilitate the identification of rockfalls from compared temporary 3D point clouds, possibly the step with most user interpretation. Point clouds are processed to generate 33 new features related to the rock cliff differences, predominant differences, or orientation for classification with 11 machine learning models, combined with 2 undersampling and 13 oversampling methods. The proposed methodology is divided into two software packages: point cloud monitoring and cluster classification. The prediction model applied in two study cases in the Montserrat conglomeratic massif (Barcelona, Spain) reveal that a reduction of 98% in the initial number of clusters is sufficient to identify the totality of rockfalls in the first case study. The second case study requires a 96% reduction to identify 90% of the rockfalls, suggesting that the homogeneity of the rockfall characteristics is a key factor for the correct prediction of the machine learning models

Comunicación de la geoinformación 3D mediante visores web y entornos inmersivos de realidad mixta en problemas de taludes y laderas

La revolución experimentada por el uso creciente de la geoinformación 3D en la ingeniería geológica, gracias a los avances tecnológicos, que progresivamente han facilitado una disponibilidad de técnicas de adquisición de datos y de herramientas para su análisis. Junto a los avances experimentados en la disponibilidad de recursos de computación y almacenamiento en la nube, han impulsado la expansión de numerosas aplicaciones que permiten la difusión de la geoinformación 3D en la web. A pesar de estos avances científico-técnicos, es común ver los datos 3D simplificados en imágenes estáticas 2D, perdiendo parte su potencialidad comunicativa. El objetivo de esta comunicación es presentar el diseño y las funcionalidades de unos visores web 3D de código abierto como una herramienta de sencilla utilización con la que interactuar y visualizar los resultados. Así mismo, estamos ensayando las posibilidades de la realidad mixta como una experiencia plenamente inmersiva para lograr una mejor comunicación de la geoinformación 3D.Peer ReviewedPostprint (published version

Manual de simulación clínica en especialidades médicas

Manual sobre técnicas y modos de simulación clínica en diversas especialidades médicas.La enseñanza y formación en medicina necesita el uso de la simulación. Existen evidencias de su uso desde hace cientos de años, pero, en los últimos años se ha incrementado y diseminado. La simulación clínica está validada científicamente en múltiples contextos médicos y de otras áreas profesionales de la salud. Y es considerada de gran importancia como proceso de entrenamiento y de mejora de las competencias y adquisición de habilidades médicas en campos que incluye desde la historia clínica, comunicación con el paciente, exploración, diagnóstico terapéutica médica-farmacológica y quirúrgica y seguridad al tratar al paciente. Hoy en día, para muchas técnicas y situaciones clínicas es inaceptable llegar junto a los pacientes sin un dominio adquirido en simulación. La simulación puede ocurrir sin el uso de recursos adicionales, solo las personas, o utilizando pocos o muchos recursos de baja hasta alta tecnología y se puede adaptar a los recursos disponibles, abarcando todas las áreas de conocimiento, y dentro de ellas competencias técnicas o actitudes, solas o en conjunto. El uso racional y basado en evidencia de la simulación es de la mayor importancia por la necesidad de una mayor efectividad y eficiencia en la transformación de los profesionales de la salud para que puedan mejorar su capacidad de atender a los pacientes. La simulación es también una buena herramienta de evaluación de competencias y habilidades en Medicina y otras disciplinas de las Ciencias de la Salud Este manual incluye técnicas y modos de simulación clínica en diversas especialidades médicas, útiles, para quien busque un manual práctico y actualizado.Cátedra de Mecenazgo de la Universidad de Málaga. Cátedra de Terapias Avanzadas en Patología Cardiovascular Cátedra de Mecenazgo de la Universidad de Málaga. Cátedra de Investigación Biomédica Quirón Salu

Reducing the environmental impact of surgery on a global scale: systematic review and co-prioritization with healthcare workers in 132 countries

Abstract Background Healthcare cannot achieve net-zero carbon without addressing operating theatres. The aim of this study was to prioritize feasible interventions to reduce the environmental impact of operating theatres. Methods This study adopted a four-phase Delphi consensus co-prioritization methodology. In phase 1, a systematic review of published interventions and global consultation of perioperative healthcare professionals were used to longlist interventions. In phase 2, iterative thematic analysis consolidated comparable interventions into a shortlist. In phase 3, the shortlist was co-prioritized based on patient and clinician views on acceptability, feasibility, and safety. In phase 4, ranked lists of interventions were presented by their relevance to high-income countries and low–middle-income countries. Results In phase 1, 43 interventions were identified, which had low uptake in practice according to 3042 professionals globally. In phase 2, a shortlist of 15 intervention domains was generated. In phase 3, interventions were deemed acceptable for more than 90 per cent of patients except for reducing general anaesthesia (84 per cent) and re-sterilization of ‘single-use’ consumables (86 per cent). In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for high-income countries were: introducing recycling; reducing use of anaesthetic gases; and appropriate clinical waste processing. In phase 4, the top three shortlisted interventions for low–middle-income countries were: introducing reusable surgical devices; reducing use of consumables; and reducing the use of general anaesthesia. Conclusion This is a step toward environmentally sustainable operating environments with actionable interventions applicable to both high– and low–middle–income countries

Visualització de l'activitat de caiguda de roques mitjançant visor web de núvol de punts 3D = Visualización de la actividad de caída de rocas mediante visor web de nube de puntos 3D

Comunicació a càrrec d'Oriol Pedraza Royo (Institut Cartogràfic i Geològic de Catalunya) sobre la visualització de l'activitat de caiguda de roques mitjançant visor web de núvol de punts 3D. En els últims quinze anys l'Àrea de geotècnia i prevenció de riscos geològics de l’ICGC ha desenvolupat nombrosos projectes de teledetecció aplicats a moviments del terreny utilitzant diferents tècniques i dispositius d'anàlisis i auscultació de les superfícies del terreny. En particular, els despreniments de roques tenen origen en parets i zones verticals, per a l'estudi de les quals resulten de gran utilitat els models 3D. Com a resultat d'aquests projectes, s'ha adquirit una gran quantitat de dades 3D d'alta resolució. Alguns d'aquests projectes s'emplacen en el massís de Montserrat i en les columnes basàltiques de Castellfollit de la Roca. Tots dos emplaçaments representen casos singulars de risc de caiguda de roques a causa de l'alta ocupació i a la necessitat de preservació del medi natural. En col·laboració amb el grup de recerca RISKNAT de la Universitat de Barcelona (UB) s'han desenvolupat metodologies de monitoratge per a la identificació i classificació dels canvis de la superfície dels cingles, basada en la comparació de campanyes adquirides amb làser escàner terrestre i, més recentment, la fotogrametria digital. Per a la classificació, alineació i comparació dels núvols de punts, s'usa el programari lliure de processament de núvols de punts 3D CloudCompare i les seves aplicacions. Durant aquests anys s'han plantejat la discussió sobre com es representen les dades i resultats de naturalesa 3D. Fins ara aquests resultats han estat presentats de manera estàtica, on l'usuari final només disposa dels resultats en format d'imatge fixa de projecció 2D i sense la possibilitat d'interactuar amb ells. Des del 2019 i gràcies als avanços tecnològics 3D, s'han estat testant solucions dinàmiques que permetin servir núvols densos de punts 3D mitjançant un visor web. Hem realitzat proves pilot satisfactòries amb el processador de codi obert basat en WebGL de Potree, desenvolupat per l’Institute of Computer Graphics and Algorithms de Viena (Àustria). Potree ens ha permès generar visors webs independents capaços de visualitzar de manera eficient milions de punts en temps real a través d'Internet amb prestacions convencionals de maquinari i connexió. A més, aquesta visualització permet compartir aquest conjunt de dades amb els usuaris finals sense la necessitat d'instal·lar aplicacions d'escriptori ni transferir grans quantitats de dades. Així mateix permet a l'usuari final analitzar i validar les dades mostrades amb unes certes eines d'explotació, com són l'ajust de visualització, el mesurament de longitud 2D i 3D, àrea 3D, volums, la generació de perfils verticals i l'exportació de dade

Rockfall monitoring: comparing several strategies for surveying detached blocks and their volume, from TLS point clouds and GigaPan pictures

[EN] Rockfalls are fast slope instabilities frequent in mountainous areas, which cause damage in infrastructures (roads and railways), buildings, vehicles and people. Nowadays, several continuous and discontinuous techniques are available to monitoring the prone areas in order to manage the associated risk. One side task is to detect changes in the source zones (rock cliffs with recurrent events) in order to assess the rockfall activity and calibrate the Magnitude-Frequency curves. Long range and high precision Terrestrial Laser Scanning (TLS) is currently used for this purpose, sometimes in combination with high-resolution pictures taken from UAV or from the ground (with a GigaPan setup, for instance). Some detected changes along time may correspond to precursory displacements while others are due to blocks detached from the cliffs. In our contribution, we present the use of the aforementioned geomatic techniques (TLS and GigaPan) within several algorithms /strategies (Cloud to Cloud, Cloud to Mesh and M3C2) inside some two commercial computer programs and open source program in order to detect and measure the differences along the successive field campaigns. This work has being carried out within the frame of the GeoRisk research project, with field data from the ICGC. In particular, we test the strategies in three sites in the Montserrat Massif (Spain) –Mirador de l'Oliver, Canal dels Aritjols and Mirador dels Apòstols– during four measuring epochs along 2019-2021. The results show that rock volumes as small as 0.001 m3 can be detected in a regular basis.This work is being carried out in the framework of the research project “Advances in rockfall quantitative risk analysis (QRA), incorporating developments in geomatics (GeoRisk)” with reference code PID2019- 103974RB-I00, funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033.Pedraza, O.; Aronés, ÁP.; Puig, C.; Janeras, M.; Gili, JA. (2023). Rockfall monitoring: comparing several strategies for surveying detached blocks and their volume, from TLS point clouds and GigaPan pictures. Editorial Universitat Politècnica de València. 561-568. http://hdl.handle.net/10251/19219356156

Using Mixed Reality for the Visualization and Dissemination of Complex 3D Models in Geosciences—Application to the Montserrat Massif (Spain)

In the last two decades, both the amount and quality of geoinformation in the geosciences field have improved substantially due to the increasingly more widespread use of techniques such as Laser Scanning (LiDAR), digital photogrammetry, unmanned aerial vehicles, geophysical reconnaissance (seismic, electrical, geomagnetic), and ground-penetrating radar (GPR), among others. Furthermore, the advances in computing, storage and visualization resources allow the acquisition of 3D terrain models (surface and underground) with unprecedented ease and versatility. However, despite these scientific and technical developments, it is still a common practice to simplify the 3D data in 2D static images, losing part of its communicative potential. The objective of this paper is to demonstrate the possibilities of extended reality (XR) for communication and sharing of 3D geoinformation in the field of geosciences. A brief review of the different variants within XR is followed by the presentation of the design and functionalities of headset-type mixed reality (MR) devices, which allow the 3D models to be investigated collaboratively by several users in the office environment. The specific focus is on the functionalities of Microsoft’s HoloLens 2 untethered holographic head mounted display (HMD), and the ADA Platform App by Clirio, which is used to manage model viewing with the HMD. We demonstrate the capabilities of MR for the visualization and dissemination of complex 3D information in geosciences in data rich and self-directed immersive environment, through selected 3D models (most of them of the Montserrat massif). Finally, we highlight the educational possibilities of MR technology. Today MR has an incipient and reduced use; we hope that it will gain popularity as the barriers of entry become lower