‘Initiation into drug use’ addendum: findings from the DUMA program

The age at which an individual first experiments with illicit drugs has been of significant interest to policymakers and practitioners, primarily because research has persistently shown a link between early juvenile onset of drug use and less favourable health and criminal justice outcomes in adulthood.   drug users who have regular contact with the criminal justice system typically commenced their drug use at earlier ages (Gaffney et al. 2010; Johnson 2001);  even within the drug-using offender population, those with a recent history of violent or prolific property offending typically commenced drug use and progressed to regular drug use earlier than those with no such history (Makkai & Payne 2003); and  the risk that an offender will progress to serious and frequent offending was highest when both drug use and offending first began at younger than average ages (Payne 2006).    Although there is broad agreement that early initiation into drug use and subsequent involvement in the criminal justice system are correlated, there still remains considerable debate regarding the direction of causality. Some suggest that early drug use can act as a gateway or ‘stepping stone’ to more significant drug use and other problem behaviours (Kandel, Yamaguchi & Chen 1992), while others argue that drug use does not cause criminal behaviour, but rather, there is a shared or common aetiology, such as low self control or high impulsivity (Gottfredson & Hirschi 1990)

Proper disposal of routine and catastrophic livestock and poultry mortality

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311.Biosystems and Agricultural Engineerin

Average Strength Comparison Between Males and Females in Weight Training

In our research we wanted to look at the comparison in strength between males and females in weight training. In recent research, we were able to look at sex stereotypes when considering sport and exercise. A particular study stated that, “… sport is still viewed as a “male area” in western countries, and recent reports indicate that boys/men still participate more in sports, compared to girls/women” (Boiche 1). So, we took three males and three females from Parkland College to test our hypothesis. Before beginning our research, our hypothesis was that males would be higher in all categories. In other research testing sit-ups and push-ups with male and female subjects, we were able to see that, “… when designing training programs for women strengthening exercises for the upper body” (Augustsson 1). The research population would be our male and female subjects ranging from moderate to athletic subgroups, between the ages of 20 and 30. The materials that we used were gym machines, such as, bench press, leg press, etc. The methods used were to test our hypothesis by comparing leg press and bench press max, alongside crunches and leg lifts to fatigue

Proper disposal of routine and catastrophic livestock and poultry mortality

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

Mortality management options during an avian influenza outbreak

The Oklahoma Cooperative Extension Service periodically issues revisions to its publications. The most current edition is made available. For access to an earlier edition, if available for this title, please contact the Oklahoma State University Library Archives by email at [email protected] or by phone at 405-744-6311

How Secure Is Your IoT Network?

The proliferation of IoT devices in smart homes, hospitals, and enterprise networks is widespread and continuing to increase in a superlinear manner. With this unprecedented growth, how can one assess the security of an IoT network holistically? In this article, we explore two dimensions of security assessment, using vulnerability information of IoT devices and their underlying components ($\textit{compositional security scores}$) and SIEM logs captured from the communications and operations of such devices in a network ($\textit{dynamic activity metrics}$) to propose the notion of an $\textit{attack circuit}$. These measures are used to evaluate the security of IoT devices and the overall IoT network, demonstrating the effectiveness of attack circuits as practical tools for computing security metrics (exploitability, impact, and risk to confidentiality, integrity, and availability) of heterogeneous networks. We propose methods for generating attack circuits with input/output pairs constructed from CVEs using natural language processing (NLP) and with weights computed using standard security scoring procedures, as well as efficient optimization methods for evaluating attack circuits. Our system provides insight into possible attack paths an adversary may utilize based on their exploitability, impact, or overall risk. We have performed experiments on IoT networks to demonstrate the efficacy of the proposed techniques.Comment: IEEE International Congress on Internet of Thing

How to Collect your Water Sample and Interpret the Results for the Poultry Analytical Package

Rapidly growing birds may consume up to twice as much water as feed (Scantling and Watkins 2013), which means a plentiful supply of clean water is crucial for poultry health and productivity. To determine the quality of your poultry’s water resources, periodic sampling and analysis is needed. Analyzing water supplies can also be a crucial tool in identifying existing or potential challenges. The Arkansas Water Resources Center (AWRC) in cooperation with the UA Cooperative Extension Service offers several analytical packages to assess the quality of your water resources. This document is intended to provide guidance to poultry producers on collecting water samples for analysis and understanding the “Poultry Water Report Form” provided by the AWRC’s Water Quality Laboratory (Lab). The information contained within this fact sheet should be used as general guidance, and the reader is encouraged to seek advice from Extension specialists regarding the interpretation of individual reports and water testing results that may be of concern