Is ‘Compact City’ a sensible planning approach? Empirical evidence of cross perceptions of travel attitudes in British settlements

This paper will present empirically based evidence from the UK in respect of the impact of neighbourhood design on travel behaviour using a case-study approach. The case-study is based on the metropolitan area of Tyne and Wear, North East of England. Ten different neighbourhoods have been carefully selected to characterise two different types of traditional and suburban neighbourhood street layouts. A self-administered questionnaire has been delivered to 2,200 households to capture neighbourhood design, travel patterns, travel attitudes and socio-economic characteristics. Multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data shows that some socio-economic variables as well as travel attitudes and neighbourhood design preferences can explain the differences in travel patterns. Furthermore, the application of a regression analysis model for different neighbourhood types reveals that the traditional neighbourhood group has more sensitive factors that influence the differences in travel pattern than the suburban neighbourhood group, suggesting that land-use policy designed to accommodate low carbon-based travel neighbourhood characteristics will have greater impact on the traditional group than the suburban group. This finding suggests that the generic measures implied by UK land-use policy to promote sustainable mobility should be selectively targeted

Evaluating the impacts of urban freight traffic: application of micro-simulation at a large establishment

Heavy Goods Vehicles, HGV, and Light Goods Vehicles, LGV, are a significant contributor to air pollution problems in urban areas. This paper quantifies the contribution to the environment of the deliveries to a single, large city employer addressing a research gap in the literature. Analysis of data from comprehensive surveys carried out over two years demonstrated that freight delivery traffic generated by an urban establishment with multiple properties in a compact urban setting, is characterised by a high proportion of LGV consistent with recent national and international trends. Also, despite freight traffic is only 10% of local traffic, more than 50% serves the single establishment, suggesting a different approach to policy making driven by the employer should be explored. The modelling results showed, relatively, the largest contribution to total emissions comes from HGVs in the AM peak, 13.8%, 43.7%, 9.2% for CO2, NOx and PM respectively. LGV contribute less, with 5.5%, 3.8%, 6% for CO2, NOx and PM respectively but more responsible for local congestion due to their numbers. This research is the first known study of its type and with the unique combination of measurement and traffic microsimulation allowed consideration of more effective traffic management strategies as well as providing evidence to support a consolidation centre for deliveries outside the city with fewer electric or low emissions last mile vehicles reducing substantially the environmental impact. The research outputs are relevant to many other similar cases in UK and Europe. The paper contributes to the ongoing development of research and policy looking to achieve sustainable urban logistics through receiver and purchasing led initiatives

Exploring the relationship between urban freight demand and the purchasing behaviour of a University

Abstract Introduction This research was focused on the ‘receiver’ end of the supply chain that has, in recent years, emerged as a novel area of investigation by European urban freight researchers. The paper explores the importance of procurement policy and mechanisms in a higher education establishment in order to drive a sustainable approach to inbound logistics. There is little known of the purchasing behaviour at individual level within such organisations. A localised city logistics Delivery Service Plan, within a ‘coherent campus strategy’ for an academic campus was established at Newcastle University, located at the centre of a medium size British city. Method Purchasing data and interviews with the purchasing manager demonstrated the current state of purchasing practice at the University, relative to the benchmarks established in the literature. In order to better understand the relationships between delivery services, the urban environment, and staff attitudes, a questionnaire was conducted with Newcastle University staff, addressing the purchasing of all goods to be delivered to the workplace. Result Multivariate analysis of cross-sectional data, as well as qualitative analysis, shows that variable frequency in demand can be explained by: job type; the different ways to raise a purchase order (PO); type of goods purchased; expected delivery times; and from where the PO originates. The findings suggest that training within specific staff roles would benefit the University’s urban freight coordination and management. We can also see that a very small core of people raise most of the orders and that, through them, it should be possible to influence the majority of orders. Lastly, demonstrating to the University’s Executive that employee views on private purchasing directly influence the practice, has convinced the board that changing purchasing behaviour towards freight efficiency is a feasible option for a sustainable institutional organisation. Conclusion The key contribution of this paper is demonstration of the important role of logistics receiver can make in delivering sustainable city logistics. This is especially true for large organisation with multi-sited and multi-level management (central vs local) that require multi-type of logistics in a city-centred bound historic built environment University. This paper shed light on identifying the key determinants of freight demand at University that can be managed and act as catalyst for accommodating urban freight in city planning

The impact of urban rail transit on commercial property value: New evidence from Wuhan, China

The interaction between rail transit and the urban property market is a vital foundation for planning transit-based policy such as Value Capture and Transit Oriented Development (TOD). Yet only few studies have reported the impact of transit access on commercial property value. This paper presents empirical evidence from Wuhan, China, to enrich the knowledge in the subject area. Spatial autoregressive models were employed to estimate the commercial value capture, based on 676 observations along Wuhan’s metro rail line through the main business districts. Value appreciation was discovered within the 400 m radius of road network distance from Metro stations. The transit access premiums present as two tiers: 16.7% for the 0–100 m core area and approximately 8.0% within the 100–400 m radius. The result demonstrates the potential benefit of adopting value capture and optimising TOD planning to support sustainable urban rail transit investment. Amid rapid urbanisation in China, the evidence reported here could help better inform cities, across the developing world and beyond, of the benefits of adopting rail transit-based policy

Extent to Which Sustainable Travel to Work Can Be Explained by Neighborhood Design Characteristics

A case study approach is used to present causal evidence from the United Kingdom on the impact of neighborhood design on travel behavior. “Sustainable travel to work” is defined as including walking, cycling, and travel by bus or light rail. Travel-to-work data are derived from the British Census 2001 for two groups of carefully selected neighborhoods—those exhibiting either a high or a low incidence of sustainable travel-to-work patterns. A questionnaire was used to capture dimensions of neighborhood attitudes and preferences, socioeconomic characteristics, and car-travel characteristics in the northeast of England. The results offer microscale evidence by using a cross-sectional design to investigate the relationship between neighborhood characteristics and travel behavior and by using multivariate analysis to explore differences between neighborhood groups for socioeconomic variables, travel attitudes, and perceived neighborhood characteristics. The neighborhood group with a high incidence of sustainable travel to work is shown to have a higher potential to travel farther, and the neighborhood group with a low incidence of sustainable travel to work is shown to have a higher potential to use public transport. These results imply a policy dilemma about how public preferences for improved travel accessibility should be met by local authorities