A aprendizagem em ciências no ensino básico : uma investigação ampliada proporcionada pelos ambientes diferenciados

Esta pesquisa teve por finalidade compreender como professores criam e/ou complementam suas ações pedagógicas no ambiente temático de ensino da disciplina de Ciências, bem como conhecer atividades desenvolvidas neste sentido, visando à construção do conhecimento de forma a contemplar o alcance dos objetivos propostos, a saber: avaliar o potencial formativo na utilização de ambientes diferenciados no Ensino Básico e aprendizagem da disciplina de Ciências. Aplicamos um questionário de maneira qualitativa (com questões abertas e fechadas) com docentes da disciplina de Ciências em ambientes temáticos, esses sujeitos professores titulares da disciplina de ciências em escolas públicas no município de São Leopoldo-RS, o qual, juntamente com a caminhada pedagógica dos sujeitos envolvidos nesses ambientes, foi observado e analisado pelo método da Análise Textual Discursiva (ATD). No uso deste método da ATD, através de Moraes e Galiazzi (2016), observamos as categorias finais que surgiram durante a realização da pesquisa: Os assuntos importantes escolhidos pelos discentes facilitam o aprender sobre Ciências e na solução de seus problemas; De forma gradual, cresce o convívio, o interesse e a aprendizagem no ambiente temático da disciplina de Ciências pelos discentes demonstrados no simples cuidado por esse ambiente; No Ensino de Ciências, deve-se privilegiar o entendimento da vida dos envolvidos nas mediações em sala de aula. Enfim professores de Ciências têm a possibilidade de tornar o ambiente diferenciado de aprendizagem dessa disciplina mais atrativo, incentivador e construtor de saberes científicos para os discentes.This research aimed to understand how teachers create and / or complement their pedagogical actions in the thematic teaching environment of the Science discipline, as well as to know the activities developed in this sense, aiming at the construction of knowledge in order to contemplate the achievement of the proposed objectives, namely: to evaluate the training potential in the use of differentiated environments in Basic Education and learning of the Science discipline. We applied a questionnaire in a qualitative way (with open and closed questions) with teachers of the discipline of Sciences in thematic environments, these subjects full professors of science in public schools in the city of São Leopoldo-RS, which, together with the pedagogical walk of the subjects involved in these environments, it was observed and analyzed by the method of Discursive Textual Analysis (ATD). In the use of this ATD method, through Moraes and Galiazzi (2016), we observe the final categories that emerged during the research: The important subjects chosen by the students facilitate learning about Science and in solving their problems; Gradually, coexistence, interest and learning in the thematic environment of the Science discipline grows by the students demonstrated in the simple care for this environment; In Science Education, priority should be given to understanding the lives of those involved in mediation in the classroom. Finally, science teachers have the possibility of making the differentiated learning environment of this discipline more attractive, encouraging and constructing scientific knowledge for students

Pathogenicity of the fungus Metarrhizium anisopliae (Metsch.) Sorok for pupae and adults of Apanteles flavipes (Cam.).

A presente pesquisa visou estudar o nível de patogenicidade do fungo Metarrhizium anisopliae (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) ao braconídeo Apanteles flavipes (Hymenoptera Braconidae) nas fases de pupa e adulto, uma vez que ambos têm sido utilizados conjuntamente para o controle de pragas da cana-de-açúcar. Aplicaram-se suspensões de M. anisopliae contendo 107 conídios viáveis/ml nas paredes de recipientes de vidro onde foram liberados adultos de A.flavipes recém-emergidos. Os resultados obtidos demonstraram que o patógeno foi capaz de causar mortalidade próxima a 43% nos adultos. Por outro lado, a aplicação do fungo em pupas de A. flavipes não demonstrou ser prejudicial, obtendo- se emergência de adultos superior a 80%. Portanto, a aplicação simultânea desses dois agentes em programas de manejo integrado de pragas deve ser feita com cuidado, procurando-se evitar a aplicação do fungo nos períodos de liberação dos adultos do parasitóideThe aim for this work was to determine the pathogenicity of Metarrhizium anisopliae (Hyphomycetes: Moniliales) for pupae and adults of Apanteles flavipes (Hymenoptera: Braconidae), since both have been applied in integrated control programs in Brazil. Adult parasitoids were released inside flasks with surfaces treated with a conidial suspension with 107 viable M. anisopliae spores/ml of water. Nearly 43% of the parasitoids were killed. In another bioassay where parasitoid cocoons were sprayed with M. anisopliae spore suspension, parasitoids were not infected and up to 80% of the adults emerged. Thus, the simultaneous application of both agents in any ingrated pest management should be made with care, aiming to avoid the application of the fungus in periods of adult parasites release

Impact of MELD allocation policy on survival outcomes after liver transplantation: a single-center study in northeast Brazil

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the impact of model for end-stage liver disease (MELD) allocation policy on survival outcomes after liver transplantation (LT). INTRODUCTION: Considering that an ideal system of grafts allocation should also ensure improved survival after transplantation, changes in allocation policies need to be evaluated in different contexts as an evolutionary process. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study was carried out among patients who underwent LT at the University of Pernambuco. Two groups of patients transplanted before and after the MELD allocation policy implementation were identified and compared using early postoperative mortality and post-LT survival as end-points. RESULTS: Overall, early postoperative mortality did not significantly differ between cohorts (16.43% vs. 8.14%; p = 0.112). Although at 6 and 36-months the difference between pre-vs. post-MELD survival was only marginally significant (p = 0.066 and p = 0.063; respectively), better short, medium and long-term post-LT survival were observed in the post-MELD period. Subgroups analysis showed special benefits to patients categorized as nonhepatocellular carcinoma (non-HCC) and moderate risk, as determined by MELD score (15-20). DISCUSSION: This study ensured a more robust estimate of how the MELD policy affected post-LT survival outcomes in Brazil and was the first to show significantly better survival after this new policy was implemented. Additionally, we explored some potential reasons for our divergent survival outcomes. CONCLUSION: Better survival outcomes were observed in this study after implementation of the MELD criterion, particularly amongst patients categorized as non-HCC and moderate risk by MELD scoring. Governmental involvement in organ transplantation was possibly the main reason for improved survival

Prevalência de hipodontia na faixa etária de 6 a 16 anos: um estudo radiográfico

Hypodontia, an anomaly that presents lack of development of one or more teeth, has been frequently detected in pediatric patients. Researches show this disease prevalence in many populations, however, due to ethnic and genetic differences, these results cannot be generalized. Being aware ofthe importance of panoramic radiographs in the diagnosis of dental development disturbs, two examiners, previously calibrated, analyzed 678 patients' radiographs who were assisted at the Radiology Service of the OdontologyCollege of PUCRS, between 2000 and 2002. The aim was to determine the prevalence in patients aged six to sixteen, by pointing out the affected teeth, their location and their distribution concerning the genders. Hypodontia was found in 17 cases (2,5%). With x2 test, no relevant relation between hypodontia and genders was found (p=0,271). The most absent teeth were the superior lateral incisors, followed by the superior premolars. There was no relevant difference related to location, therefore, it may happen uni- (47%) and bilaterally (53%). These findings make it possible to consider that hypodontia is a dental development anomaly more and more frequently in different population; its precocious diagnosis is vitally important in the prevention of maxillary-mandibular disturbs. The panoramic radiograph is vital in the detection of these anomalies and, when previously done, it permitus to establish a clinical and orthodontic conduct in the appropriate time.A hipodontia é uma anomalia que denota a falta de desenvolvimento de um ou mais dentes, sendo freqüentemente detectada em pacientes pediátricos. Pesquisas demonstram a freqüência de hipodontia em diversas populações, mas, devido às diferenças étnicas e genéticas, esses resultados não podem ser generalizados. Sabendo-se da importância das radiografias panorâmicas no diagnóstico deste distúrbio de desenvolvimento dentário, dois examinadores previamente calibrados analisaram 678 radiografias de pacientes atendidos no Serviço de Radiologia da Faculdade de Odontologia da PUCRS, no período de 2000 a 2002. O objetivo foi determinar a prevalência da hipodontia em pacientes de seis e 16 anos de idade, determinando quais os dentes afetados, sua localização e sua distribuição entre os sexos. A hipodontia foi encontrada em 17 casos (2,5 %). Através do teste do qui-quadrado, foi constatado não haver diferença significativa de hipodontia entre os sexos masculino e feminino (p=0,271). Os dentes mais ausentes foram os incisivos laterais superiores, seguidos pelos pré-molares superiores. Não houve diferença significativa com relação à localização, podendo ocorrer uni- (47%) ou bilateralmente (53%). O presente estudo permite considerar que a hipodontia é uma anomalia de desenvolvimento dentário cada vez mais freqüente nas diferentes populações, sendo seu diagnóstico precoce de vital importância na prevenção de distúrbios maxilomandibulares. O exame radiográfico panorâmico é imprescindível na detecção dessas anomalias e, quando realizado precocemente, permite estabelecer uma conduta clínica e ortodôntica no momento oportuno

Oral conditions and salivary analysis in HIV-uninfected subjects using preexposure prophylaxis

New prevention strategies have been advocated to control the progression of HIV/AIDS, such as preexposure prophylaxis (PrEP). The aim of this study is to evaluate the potential changes in the oral and salivary conditions of HIV-uninfected subjects using PrEP. Subjects were evaluated before beginning the medication (T0), at the first follow-up (T1), and at the second follow-up (T2). Xerostomia, presence of untreated cavitated caries, oral hygiene habits, taste, gingival and plaque index, stimulated salivary flow rate (SSFR), and salivary concentrations of calcium, glucose, urea, and total proteins were evaluated. Data obtained were analyzed using statistical tests (p0.05), except for the salivary calcium concentration, that increased at T2 compared to T1 (p=0.02). There was significant difference between taste and xerostomia at T1 (p=0.017), and the need to drink to swallow at T2 (p=0.015). There was significant correlation between the reported amount of saliva and taste (p=0.039, r=-0.378) at T1. The prolonged use of PrEP seems to be associated with reports of dry mouth and worsening of taste, possibly associated with increased salivary calcium concentration

Dental extraction in patients with HIV/AIDS: report of two cases

Introduction and objective: The oral health of patients with HIV infection is often compromised by caries and periodontal disease. Thus, many patients need to undergo oral surgical procedures. Case report: This article describes two cases of patients with HIV infection who had undergone exodontia due to prosthetic indications. Both patients had been hospitalized for treatment of respiratory complications from HIV infection and were referred for dental treatment. In the first case, the adult patient had generally good oral health. However, the treatment plan for the installation of a removable prosthesis required the removal of tooth 38 since it was fairly inclined to the mesial. The second patient had poor oral conditions due to advanced periodontal disease. Thus, all upper arch teeth were removed in a single session followed by the installationof an immediate total prosthesis. No postoperative complications were recorded and the healing process occurred without incident for both patients. Dental treatment of patients with asymptomatic HIV infection does not differ from that performed for any other patient in practice. Nevertheless, patients in advanced stages of disease may require special treatment and an individual treatment plan must be developed for even routine procedures. Conclusion: The dental careof these individuals often requires more rigorous clinical follow-up for maintaining oral health. The performance of dental surgery in patients with HIV infection does not require technical modifications, but does require a complete anamnesis.Introduction and objective: The oral health of patients with HIV infection is often compromised by caries and periodontal disease. Thus, many patients need to undergo oral surgical procedures. Case report: This article describes two cases of patients with HIV infection who had undergone exodontia due to prosthetic indications. Both patients had been hospitalized for treatment of respiratory complications from HIV infection and were referred for dental treatment. In the first case, the adult patient had generally good oral health. However, the treatment plan for the installation of a removable prosthesis required the removal of tooth 38 since it was fairly inclined to the mesial. The second patient had poor oral conditions due to advanced periodontal disease. Thus, all upper arch teeth were removed in a single session followed by the installationof an immediate total prosthesis. No postoperative complications were recorded and the healing process occurred without incident for both patients. Dental treatment of patients with asymptomatic HIV infection does not differ from that performed for any other patient in practice. Nevertheless, patients in advanced stages of disease may require special treatment and an individual treatment plan must be developed for even routine procedures. Conclusion: The dental careof these individuals often requires more rigorous clinical follow-up for maintaining oral health. The performance of dental surgery in patients with HIV infection does not require technical modifications, but does require a complete anamnesis

Sexual function after anterior vaginal wall prolapse surgery

OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study was to compare female sexual function after surgical treatment of anterior vaginal prolapse with either small intestine submucosa grafting or traditional colporrhaphy. METHODS: Subjects were randomly assigned, preoperatively, to the small intestine submucosa graft (n = 29) or traditional colporrhaphy (n = 27) treatment group. Postoperative outcomes were analyzed at 12 months. The Female Sexual Function Index questionnaire was used to assess sexual function. Data were compared with independent samples or a paired Student's t-test. RESULTS: In the small intestine submucosa group, the total mean Female Sexual Function Index score increased from 15.5±7.2 to 24.4±7.5 (p<0.001). In the traditional colporrhaphy group, the total mean Female Sexual Function Index score increased from 15.3±6.8 to 24.2±7.0 (p<0.001). Improvements were noted in the domains of desire, arousal, lubrication, orgasm, satisfaction, and pain. There were no differences between the two groups at the 12-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: Small intestine submucosa repair and traditional colporrhaphy both improved sexual function postoperatively. However, no differences were observed between the two techniques.Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP) Department of Gynecology Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic SurgeryUNIFESP, Department of Gynecology Section of Urogynecology and Pelvic SurgerySciEL

Canine megaesophagus secondary to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (chumbinho) intoxication: an unusual presentation

Megaesophagus is a disease characterized by generalized esophageal dilatation, resulting from reduced or absent esophageal motility. It can be congenital or acquired and some common causes are persistent right aortic arch and myasthenia gravis. It can also be secondary to a variety of diseases, including intoxications. Although organophosphate poisoning is cited as a possible cause of megaesophagus, literature reports in dogs are rarely described. Such condition should have its importance emphasized, since poisoning by pesticides are relatively common in domestic animals and humans, whether accidently or intentionally. This study aimed to report the case of a dog which survived an episode of intentional pesticide poisoning and developed megaesophagus afterwards. The dog presented clinical signs of regurgitation around two weeks after surviving an intoxication episode. The diagnosis was based on clinical features and contrasted radiographic imaging (esophagography) using barium sulfate, which confirmed the diagnosis. Since no megaesophagus-related clinical signs were present before the intoxication episode, its relation to organic-phosphorus induced delayed neuropathy (OPIDN) was presumed. Unfortunately, the owner delayed seeking veterinary assistance and the dog’s condition deteriorated, despite therapeutic efforts, leading to death. Necropsy was not authorized. This case highlights the importance of monitoring canine patients which survived an intoxication episode and also draws attention to the illegal use of organophosphate compounds in Brazil and its impact in humans, domestic animals and wildlife