Estudo de fatores de risco para esquizofrenia

Foi efetuado um estudo caso-controle balanceado para avaliar a possível associação entre Esquizofrenia e Alterações Tomográficas em Tomografia Computadorizada de Crânio, em adultos de sexo masculino, no Ambulatório de Esquizofrenia do Serviço de Psiquiatria do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (HCP A). Os Casos (n=3 8) foram definidos como adultos de sexo m~sculino com critérios clínicos de diagnóstico DSM-III-R de Esquizofrenia com mais de 2 anos de evolução. Os controles (n=3 5) foram adultos de sexo masculino que se ofereceram como voluntários a anúncios verbais e escritos divulgados em boletins do Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre. Casos e controles foram submetidos à Entrevista Clínica, Entrevista de Aplicação do Inventário da 3a. Edição Revisada do Manual Diagnóstico e Estatístico da Associação Americana de Psiquiatria (DSM III-R), Escala de Avaliação de Problemas Sociais Especiais modificada para ocorrências antes dos dezoito anos de idade (EAPPS-M), Escala de Avaliação de Unidade Social modificada para eventos antes dos dezoito anos (EAUSF-M), Bateria de Avaliação Neurocognitiva (BANC), Teste de Inteligência Wechsler para Adultos (W AIS) e Tomografia Computadorizada de Crânio (TCC). A média de Idade dos dois grupos foi 30.5 e 32.9 para Controles e Casos, respectivamente (p=0.11 ). A Tomografia Computadorizada de Crânio foi avaliada de forma cega (com desconhecimento da idade, data do exame, identidade e pertinência de grupo dos sujeitos), por um juiz (PSBA) treinado especialmente para avaliação dos parâmetros cerebrais e que obteve escores prévios de confiabilidade com coeficiente de correlação r>0.90. Os resultados obtidos mostram que a proporção de esquizofrênicos com alterações tomográficas cerebrais em área correspondente à Razão da Cisterna Supra-selar/RCSS foi de 73.7% para Casos e 11.4% para Controles, com Risco-relativo estimado pela Razão de Chances de 21.70 (p=O.OOOOO 1 ). Os fatores de risco para alterações tomográficas que estiveram mais presentes nos casos foram: a) história de Complicações de Gestação e Parto (CGP) (75% dos casos com aumento de RCSS também tinham aumento de CGP); b) alteração de Unidade Sócio-familiar (EAUSF-M) (85% dos casos com alteração de RCSS tinham alterações de EAUSF-M); baixa Classe Sócio-econômica (CSE) (87% dos casos de alteração de RCSS tinha alteração em CSE); c) foi descartada confusão de variáveis por Idade, Problemas Psicossociais (EAPPS-M), CSE, CGP e EAUSF-M; d) quanto a variáveis modificadoras de efeito houve evidência de efeito aditivo (antagonismo) de idade sobre RCSS; e) as alterações tomográficas se agregaram em um único fator, em uma Análise Fatorial de Componentes Principais ("Factor Analysis - Principal Component Analysis"), com o Fator explicando 56% da variância observada; f) a aplicação de um modelo logístico empregando o Fator de Tomografias juntamente com EAPPS-M antes dos 18 anos, CSE antes dos dezoito anos, e CGP classificou corretamente 80.28% dos casos. Neste modelo, o Fator de Alteração Tomográfica mostrou Razão de Chances de 17.33, com p=O.OOOl. O modelo logístico com dados dicotômicos mostrou o melhor ajuste com cinco variáveis no modelo: RCSS (Coeficiente Beta (B) = 2.5972, RC=13.426, p=0.0001); R3V (B=1.9952, RC=7.354 e p=0.025); RCT (B=1.5699, RC=4.792, p=0.0); Alteração de EAUSF-M (B=2.1 092, RC=8.241, p=0.039) e Idade (B=2.1747; RC=8.799, p=0.022), permitindo a noção de que o sujeito de sexo masculino com 20 a 40 anos que for positivo nestas 5 variáveis tem 42.6 vezes mais chance de ter o diagnóstico de Esquizofrenia do que o que não tem nenhuma destas variáveis positiva. A Análise Discriminante mostrou um conjunto de 7 variáveis com funções discriminantes canônicas padronizadas classificando corretamente 92.86% dos casos, com ponto de corte 0.045785. As 7 variáveis estudadas foram: 3 parâmetros de alterações tomográficas (RCS, RCSS e Razão de Corno Temporal/RCT); 2 medidas da BANC (Span de Dígitos - SD, Span de Palavras - SP), WAIS e EAUSF -M. De maneira geral foi obtido um reforço para a evidência da existência de fatores cerebrais estruturais de risco para a Esquizofrenia (alterações tomo gráficas), especialmente as medidas mais próximas de lobo temporal (Cisterna Supra-selar, Cornos Temporais e Terceiro Ventrículo), aliados a fatores de ambiente familiar antes dos 18 anos, mesmo após o controle para Idade e Classe Social. Classe SócioEconômica antes dos 18 anos, Problemas Psicossociais antes dos 18 anos e Complicações de Gestação e Parto mostraram um efeito isoladamente, efeito que não se manteve quando estudados no modelo multivariado. Além disto, a Análise Discriminante permitiu a estimativa de probabilidade de classificação correta de casos com o uso associado de Medidas Tomográficas (RCS, RCSS e RCT), Medidas Cognitivas na BANC (SD e SP), Medidas de Inteligência (W AIS) e Avaliação de Unidade Sócio-Famíliar Prévia aos 18 anos (EAUSF-M) em cerca de 92% dos sujeitos. Neste caso, e considerando que a amostra corresponda à população, seria possível quantificar o efeito simultâneo do contexto biológico, psicossocial e cognitivo do indivíduo no diagnóstico da Esquizofrenia. A quantificação pode ser fe ita com um programa de computador que utiliza os Coeficientes de Classificação de Fisher da Análise Discriminante e gera um "provável diagnóstico" baseado na ponderação das 7 variáveis significativas.A balanced Case-Control Study tested the association among Schizophrenia and CT-Scan Abnormality in male adults. Subjects were assessed at the Outpatient Clinic of Schizophrenia/ Psychiatry Service/Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (PRODESQ/ HCPA). Three Trained Raters (kappa coefficients of more than 0.8) classified 38 cases and 35 controls with the DSM-III-R Criteria for Schizophrenia. Cases should have more than two years of illness. Controls responded to advertising at the HCP A, and were negatives for any major lifetime DSM-III-R diagnosis. The Protocol included the Clinicai Interview for the DSM-III-R Checklist of Helzer & Janca, the Scale for Assessment of Psychosocial Problems prior the adulthood (EAPPS/M), Social Unit Record prior adulthood (EAUSF/M), Neurocognitive Evaluation (BANC), Wechsler Assessment of Intelligence Scale for Adults (W AIS) and Computed Tomography o f Brain (CT/TCC). The mean age was 30.5 for Cases and 32.9 for Controls (p=0.11 ). The same rater with reliability scores o f r>0.90 blindly assessed CT/TCC scans. CT/TCC was measured in Ratios: Cisterna! (RCSS), Silvian Cisure (RCSI) and Ventricle Ratios: Lateral Ventricle (RVL); closer the Head of Caudate (RCC), Third Ventricle (R3V) and at temporal horn (RCT). The study shows that: a) 73.7% of Schizophrenics and 11.4% of Controls had CT/TCC Abnormalities at the Supra-Sellar Cisternae Ratio (RCSS), the Odds-Ratio (OR) for the difference being o f 21.7 with p=O.OOOOO 1; b) the stronger Risk Factors for CT/TCC abnormalities were : Pregnancy/Delivery Complications (PDC/CGP), EAUSF/M and Low Social Class/CSE (75% o f the Cases with RCSS abnormalities had also PDC/CGP, 85% had also high EAUSF/M and 87% had also low CSE); c) there was no confounding effect for Age, EAPPS/M, CSE, CGP and EAUSF/M; d) age interacted with RCSS; e) CT/TCC abnormalities explained 56% of the variance in the Factor Analysis; f) logistic regression analysis classified 80.28% of cases (with TCCF, EAPPS/M, CSE and CGP as risk factors). In the best fit model TCCF had OR of 17.33, with p=O.OOOI. The 5 variables included in the Logistic Regression Equation were: RCSS (Beta Coefficient (~)=2.5972; OR=l3.426 and p=0.0001), R3V (~=1.9952, OR=13.426, p=0.025); RCT (~=1.5699, OR-4.792, p=0.01); High EAUSF/M (~=2.1092, OR 8.241, p=0.039) and Age (~=2.1747, OR=8.799, p=0.022). According to the Logistic Regression Model, male subjects positive for both o f these 5 variables have an odds of 42.6 of being a case of Schizophrenia than the one that is negative for all of it.. Discriminant Analysis classified 92.86% of cases with 7 variables. The variables were 3 CT/TCC measures (RCSI, RCSS, RCT); 2 BANC subsets (Digit and Word Span), W AIS and EAUSF/M. The study showed strong evidence for brain abnormalities in Schizophrenia (TCC/CT), specially in temporal lobe areas (RCSS, RCT and R3V). The TCC effect fitted together with EAUSF/M when controlling for Age and Social Class. CSE, EAPPS/ M and CGP showed isolated effect that lost significance in the multivariate model. Discriminant Analysis (DA) correctly classified 92% of subjects using CT/TCC measures (RCSI, RCSS, RCT), Digit and Word Span, WAIS and EAUSF/M. If the sample is representative of the overall population of male adults, it is possible to measure the joint effect of biological, psychosocial and cognitive factors in the diagnosis of Schizophrenia. The measure can be made with a computer program specially designed for this use, deriyed from the DA. This program uses the weights for each variable obtained from the Fisher Classification Coefficients and provides a probable diagnosis for the subjects under evaluation

MANAGEMENT OF THE PSEUDOBULBAR AFFECT (PBA) IN KABUKI SYNDROME COMBINED DEXTROMETHORPHAN-FLUOXETINE TREATMENT AS AN ALTERNATIVE TO DEXTROMETHORPHAN/QUINIDINE

A case report of a patient with pseudo bulbar affect previous treatments included haloperidol (10mg), Inosina pranobex (600mg), clozapine (600mg), olanzapine (20mg), carbamazepine (200mg), paroxetine (20mg), phenobarbital (100mg) and topiramate (50mg), all suspended at August 2016, with current use of quetiapine (700mg) Chlorpromazine (600mg) (+ 200mg on demand of aggression), clonazepam (4 mg), valproate 2500 mg, propranolol (40mg). that was successful treated with off label treatment (dextromethorphan plus quinidine). Previous Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Clinical Global ImpressionImprovement was applied after and before treatment with dextromethorphan (20mg) plus fluoxetine (20 mg, further increased to 40 mg). Previous Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale BPRS score 56 points and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score was 6 (severely ill). The addition of dextromethorphan (20mg) and fluoxetine (20 mg, further increased to 40 mg), allowed clear improvement of pathological crying and outbursts, with BPRS decrease of 8 points and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) 2 (much improved) – especially pertaining to PBA related symptoms and aggressive behavior. There were no noticeable side-effects. This case report shown an interesting clinical response. It’s could be a great alternative in treatment of pseudobulbar affect symptoms. Even though an only case and a great clinical study be necessary

Uso do Datasus para avaliação dos padrões das internações psiquiátricas, Rio Grande do Sul

OBJECTIVE: To describe the construction and testing of a routine to assess psychiatric hospitalizations in the Brazilian Health System based on its database (DATASUS), and to assess characteristics and trends of these hospitalizations. METHODS: Data were extracted from hospital admission authorizations in the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, from 2000 to 2004. Data from 91,233 admissions were processed through a routine (syntaxes) using SPSS program and their reliability was tested. Hospitalization rates in general and psychiatric hospitals and main diagnoses were described, and trends were analyzed using polynomial regression models. RESULTS: Intra and inter-rater reliabilities were 100%. There was seen a trend of increasing hospitalization rates due to mood disorders and decreasing rates due to schizophrenia and organic disorders. Hospitalization rates due to substance use disorders remained stable. There was an increasing trend in the number of psychiatric hospitalizations in general hospitals with a 97.7% growth in the period studied. CONCLUSIONS: Routines proved to be reliable and feasible, suggesting the use of data from Hospital Information System database as a source of information for continuous evaluation of psychiatric hospitalizations in Brazilian Health System. Psychiatric hospitalization rates may have changed due to changes in the type of patients; diagnostic patterns, known as treatment-oriented diagnostic bias; and legislation.OBJETIVO: Descrever a construção e o teste de rotina para análise das interna-ções psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde, a partir de seu banco de dados (Datasus), e analisar as características e tendências dessas internações. MÉTODOS: Foram extraídos dados das autorizações de internação hospitalar dos anos de 2000 a 2004, no Rio Grande do Sul. Os dados referentes a 91.233 internações foram processados por meio de sintaxes pelo programa SPSS, tendo sido testada a confiabilidade das rotinas. Foram descritas as freqüências das internações em hospitais gerais e psiquiátricos, e os principais diagnósticos, com análise de tendências por modelos de regressão polinomial. RESULTADOS: As confiabilidades intra e interavaliador foram de 100%. Observou-se tendência de crescimento na proporção das internações por transtornos de humor e de diminuição naquelas por esquizofrenia e por transtornos orgânicos. A proporção de internações por transtorno por uso de substâncias manteve-se estável. Houve tendência crescente na proporção do número de internações psiquiátricas em hospitais gerais, apresentando um crescimento de 97,7% no período. CONCLUSÕES: Foram evidenciadas a confiabilidade e a viabilidade das rotinas apresentadas, sugerindo o uso dos arquivos do Sistema de Informações Hospitalares como fonte de dados para a avaliação contínua das internações psiquiátricas pelo Sistema Único de Saúde. As alterações observadas nas proporções de internações psiquiátricas podem ter sido devido às mudanças: no tipo de pacientes; no padrão de diagnósticos, conhecido como viés de diagnóstico orientado pelo tratamento; e na legislação

Differential physical and mental benefits of physiotherapy program among patients with schizophrenia and healthy controls suggesting different physical characteristics and needs

In contrast to several other severe illnesses marked by inflammation and autoimmunity that now have potent and efficient treatments and even cures, schizophrenia (SCZ) is a disease still associated with poor outcome, incapacity, and social burden. Even after decades of research on the brain and behavior, this illness is still associated with profound effects on both mental health and physical health, with recent studies showing that treatment is more efficient when associating drugs with psychological and physical treatments. Most of the studies measured the effects of physical intervention compared with usual care and demonstrated a positive effect as an add-on treatment. What remains unclear is the different effects of the same intervention in normal subjects in a sample of patients with the illness. The study aimed to evaluate the effects of physical intervention over motor functional capacity and mental health in patients with SCZ compared with healthy controls (HC). The outcomes were (a) functional capacity [by 6-min walk test (6MWT)], (b) body flexibility index (Wells’ bench), (c) disease severity [by Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS)], (d) quality of life [by 36-ItemShort Form(SF-36) questionnaire], and (e) physical activity [Simple Physical Activity Questionnaire (SIMPAQ)]. The intervention was associated with significant decrease of body mass index (BMI), blood pressure, disease severity, and improvement in daily life activities. Unexpectedly, it was observed that schizophrenics, compared with matched HC, were at a lower level of performance in the beginning, remained below HC over the studied time despite similar physical intervention, and had different changes. The intervention had lower effects over physical capacity and better effects over quality of life and disease severity. The results confirm previous studies comparing patients receiving physical intervention but suggest that they may receive different types of intervention, suited for their different baseline fitness, motivation, and capacity to engage in physical effort over sustained time. Additionally, they point to extended time of intervention of multidisciplinary treatment (physical and psychological–cognitive techniques) to improve outcomes in SCZ

Estudo de genes candidatos envolvidos na resposta à medicação antipsicótica em esquizofrênicos

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Management of the pseudobulbar affect (PBA) in Kabuki syndrome combined dextromethorphan-fluoxetine treatment as an alternative to dextromethorphan/quinidine

A case report of a patient with pseudo bulbar affect previous treatments included haloperidol (10mg), Inosina pranobex (600mg), clozapine (600mg), olanzapine (20mg), carbamazepine (200mg), paroxetine (20mg), phenobarbital (100mg) and topiramate (50mg), all suspended at August 2016, with current use of quetiapine (700mg) Chlorpromazine (600mg) (+ 200mg on demand of aggression), clonazepam (4 mg), valproate 2500 mg, propranolol (40mg). that was successful treated with off label treatment (dextromethorphan plus quinidine). Previous Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale and Clinical Global Impression- Improvement was applied after and before treatment with dextromethorphan (20mg) plus fluoxetine (20 mg, further increased to 40 mg). Previous Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale BPRS score 56 points and Clinical Global Impression-Severity (CGI-S) Score was 6 (severely ill). The addition of dextromethorphan (20mg) and fluoxetine (20 mg, further increased to 40 mg), allowed clear improvement of pathological crying and outbursts, with BPRS decrease of 8 points and Clinical Global Impression-Improvement (CGI-I) 2 (much improved) – especially pertaining to PBA related symptoms and aggressive behavior. There were no noticeable side-effects. This case report shown an interesting clinical response. It’s could be a great alternative in treatment of pseudobulbar affect symptoms. Even though an only case and a great clinical study be necessary