Atividade insetistática do óleo essencial de Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. sobre Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae).

Os óleos essenciais podem afetar negativamente o crescimento, desenvolvimento e reprodução de vários insetos de produtos armazenados. Dessa forma, o objetivo neste trabalho foi detectar o efeito insetistático do óleo essencial de Pothomorphe umbellata (L.) Miq. para o controle de Rhyzopertha dominica (Fabricius, 1792) (Coleoptera: Bostrichidae). Os testes para determinação da Concentração Letal (CL), teste de repelência e fumigação foram realizados. Os valores da CL50, obtidos para 24 horas e 48 horas, foram 0,21 e 0,12 μL/cm2, respectivamente. O óleo essencial foi mais eficaz nas 48 horas de avaliação do teste de toxicidade por contato. Houve efeito repelente sobre os insetos na CL5 (0,02μL/cm2), tanto na avaliação após uma hora, quanto na avaliação após 24 horas. Não houve efeito repelente na CL10 (0,03μL/cm2) e não foi possível identificar a CL50 para o controle por fumigação (pressão de vapor), podendo estar acima de 1,6 μL/cm3. O óleo essencial de P. umbellata apresenta potencial para o controle da praga de grãos armazenados como o R. dominic

Loss of Cultural and Functional Diversity Associated With Birds Across the Urbanization Gradient in a Tropical City

Birds provide many ecosystem services to people, including provisioning, regulating and cultural services. People attribute multiple cultural values to ecosystems and biodiversity and the diversity of these cultural values can be considered as cultural diversity. While human-nature interactions occur more frequently in cities and urbanization negatively affects different facets of avian biodiversity, little is known about its consequence for cultural diversity. Here, we assess how the urbanization gradient in Campo Grande, a Brazilian city in the Cerrado biodiversity hotspot, affects functional and cultural diversity associated with birds and if functional and cultural diversity are congruent. We also investigate the relation between urbanization gradient with functional traits and cultural values, weighted by species abundance. We used a dataset based on bird surveyed in 61 landscapes along a gradient of impervious surface cover. To estimate functional and cultural diversity, we used indices that estimate richness and divergence of functional traits and cultural values. We found that urbanization affected functional and cultural richness negatively, while there was no effect on functional and cultural divergence. Functional and cultural richness and functional and cultural divergence were weakly, but significantly correlated. Bird species that nest on trees decreased and those that nest in artificial structures and on the ground increased along the impervious surface gradient. Body size, diet, habitat, mating system, flock behavior, and all cultural values (number of times the species was mentioned by football teams, music or poetry, city flags and anthems, and folklore tales) were not significantly affected by impervious surface. The negative relationship between impervious surface and bird cultural richness may indicate that people living in more urbanized areas experience nature less compared to people in less urbanized areas, which can affect their psychological well-being. In these highly urbanized areas, contact with culturally valued birds and cultural services provided by birds may also diminish. The negative relationship between functional richness and urbanization also indicate that highly urbanized areas may be losing important ecosystems services provided by birds