Acoplamiento de un sistema de almacenamiento de energía con un parque eólico: Un estudio de viabilidad.

Este estudio analiza desde un punto de vista económico la viabilidad del acoplamiento entre un parque eólico y una batería de almacenamiento de energía. Las tecnologías de almacenamiento de energía eléctrica (ESS) a menudo se consideran como tecnologías clave para permitir la integración de una mayor proporción de fuentes de energía renovables en los sistemas eléctricos tradicionales. A pesar del gran interés en su investigación y el reciente desarrollo de muchas tecnologías EES, el número actual de instalaciones reales es extremadamente bajo. En este Trabajo Fin de Máster, se analiza la viabilidad económica de una de las tecnologías EES más prometedoras en términos de eficiencia de carga y descarga, la batería de iones de litio. Este análisis se reproduce en dos escenarios, Italia y España. El sistema de baterías se utiliza para maximizar los ingresos económicos del parque eólico, gestionando la producción variable del viento y transportándola a los momentos más rentables del día. Los costes y los ingresos ligados a la compra de la batería y a la gestión de la producción se evalúan para varios tamaños de batería y potencia de parque. Se ha desarrollado un algoritmo para gestionar la carga y descarga de la batería. La operación de la planta ha sido simulada utilizando datos de viento de la vida real y series de tiempo de precios de la energía. El estudio proporciona la mejor combinación de parámetros operativos y criterios de precio para optimizar los beneficios de la instalación de energía eólicaMáster en Ingeniería de la Bioenergía y Sostenibilidad Energétic

Rediseño de caballetes mecánicos para motos off-road

El objeto de este proyecto es la descripción, modelado y análisis de los componentes fundamentales de dos modelos diferentes de caballetes elevadores para motos de campo, lo cual se ha llevado a cabo satisfactoriamente. Partiendo de la información obtenida de las empresas comercializadoras se han predefinido los caballetes. Antes de comenzar a realizar el modelado de las piezas que componen dicho sistema, se han realizado una serie de cálculos analíticos en las posiciones a estudiar, y que nos permitiesen pre dimensionar los componentes principales del sistema así como conocer las fuerzas que actúan sobre ellos. Realizado los estudios analíticos de los caballetes estableciendo las hipótesis de cálculo pertinentes, se pasa a modelar con el programa SolidWorks los elementos que componen los mecanismos a partir de las dimensiones obtenidas en el pre dimensionamiento. En algunos casos estas suposiciones o hipótesis quedan algo alejadas de la realidad que simula el programa, por lo que existen variaciones entre los resultados obtenidos analíticamente y los obtenidos mediante SolidWorks. Destacar que estas diferencias son objeto de análisis en el proyecto. El modelado en tres dimensiones de los caballetes, ha permitido realizar el análisis de resistencia y rigidez de los sistemas. Gracias a la herramienta del programa se ha podido conocer cuáles son los puntos de mayor tensión de cada uno de los componentes. Destacar que se ha trabajado de manera que ninguna de las partes de los mecanismos posean un coeficiente de seguridad inferior a 3. Para verificar que todos los componentes de los ensamblajes tienen la suficiente rigidez y resistencia para soportar todos los esfuerzos que pudieran estar presentes en el funcionamiento habitual de su vida útil, se han realizado varios estudios en varias posiciones diferentes, dependiendo del modelo de caballete. Realizado el primer estudio, diferente en cada caballete, se verifica que todos los componentes cumplen los criterios mínimos de resistencia. Para aquellos componentes que no cumplan dichos requisitos se realizan modificaciones para que sí lleguen a cumplirlos. Hechas las modificaciones se realiza de nuevo el estudio teniendo en cuenta las modificaciones realizadas y así sucesivamente. De este modo los caballetes cumplirán los requisitos mínimos de resistencia para todas las posiciones de su recorrido. Se puede concluir que a la hora de realizar un proyecto en el cual se diseñe una máquina, no solo es necesario realizar los cálculos analíticos sobre el papel, sino que además es necesario complementar dichos cálculos con estudios de simulación realizados con ayuda de un software

techno economic sizing of a battery energy storage coupled to a wind farm an italian case study

Abstract The study focuses on the technical and economic issues which arise when a battery energy storage is coupled to a wind farm to improve its profitability. The electric energy storage technologies may fulfil the dual role of promoting the renewable energy sources development and of allowing an economic optimization of the energy output. In this study, the optimal economic and technical sizing of a lithium-ion battery, is analyzed by focusing on the day-ahead market profit maximization. This is done by scheduling the aleatory wind production using a 24-hours rolling horizon MILP optimization algorithm. The annual utilization profile and daily charge level are analyzed, and the related battery degradation is assessed. Finally, the battery cost is compared to the additional revenues, to assess the battery cost-optimal size in presence of battery degradation. The analysis is based on real Italian wind data and energy price time series

Conversion of a network section with loads, storage systems and renewable generation sources into a smart microgrid

This paper shows an experimental application case to convert a part of the grid formed by renewable generation sources, storage systems, and loads into a smart microgrid. This transformation will achieve greater efficiency and autonomy in its management. If we add to this the analysis of all the data that has been recorded and the correct management of the energy produced and stored, we can achieve a reduction in the electricity consumption of the distribution grid and, with this, a reduction in the associated bill. To achieve this transformation in the grid, we must provide it with intelligence. To achieve this, a four steps procedure are proposed: identification and description of the elements, integration of the elements in the same data network, establishing communication between the elements and the control system, creating an interface that allows control of the entire network. The microgrid of CEDER-CIEMAT (Renewable Energy Centre in Soria, Spain) is presented as a real case study. This centre is made up of various sources of generation, storage, and consumption. All the elements that make up the microgrid are incorporated into free software, Home Assistant, allowing real-time control and monitoring of all of them thanks to the intelligence that has been provided to the grid. The novelty of this paper is that it describes a procedure that is not reported in the current literature and that, being developed with Home Assistant, is free and allows the control and management of a microgrid from any device (mobile, PC) and from any place, even though not on the same data network as the microgrid.Peer ReviewedObjectius de Desenvolupament Sostenible::7 - Energia Assequible i No ContaminantPostprint (published version

Hybrid AC/DC architecture in the CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT microgrid: demonstration of the TIGON project [version 2; peer review: 1 approved, 2 approved with reservations]

This article presents the demonstrative development of the Towards Intelligent DC-based hybrid Grids Optimizing the Network performance (TIGON) project at the Centre for the Development of Renewable Energy - Centre for Energy, Environmental and Technological Research (CE.D.E.R.-CIEMAT), as well as the established objectives to be achieved with the implementation of a microgrid with smart grid architecture based on direct current (DC) and integrated into the current energy system. This type of architecture is proposed as a future solution to reduce energy losses caused by DC-alternating current (AC) conversions, increasing the overall performance and profitability of hybrid grids. All this without forgetting to ensure the supply, stability and reliability of the system with the development of all the necessary equipment and protections to make this approach a reality. The microgrid design and process of implementation start from a transformation centre, from which the medium voltage direct current (MVDC) grid will be created by the Solid State Transformer (SST). In the MVDC grid, we will find a bank of lead-acid batteries and other essential equipment in the microgrid, a DC/DC converter that will create the low voltage direct current (LVDC) grid. On the LVDC side, several branches have been designed to connect the rest of the systems; generation (mini-wind and photovoltaic), storage (LFP batteries) and loads (AC and DC loads). Each of the equipment will have a connection to the DC grid through converters made exclusively for this equipment and connexion to the AC grid, which will allow us to obtain all the necessary data to carry out the required studies to achieve the established objectives of the project

On the suitability of a battery energy storage use in a wind farm

This study analyses the coupling between a wind farm and a Battery Energy Storage (BES) from an economic point of view. The focus is set on the use of the storage to mitigate the so-called “merit order effect”, which essentially is the lowering of the energy market clearing price due to the substantial share of Renewable Energy Sources (RES) dispatched on it. The lowering of the prices translates in a lowering of the profits, such that a further RES development becomes un-economical. The Electric Energy Storage (EES) technologies are seen as a key factor to allow the RES integration into the electric systems, since they are suitable to solve the many technical issues which this process arose. Therefore, it is interesting to investigate if the EES could fulfil the same role for the economic issues posed by the RES development. As a matter of fact, the EES can be used to maximise the economic profit of a RES plant shifting its production towards more profitable moments. In this paper, the economic viability of such practice is analysed, referring to the case of three Italian wind farms. The storage operation is simulated and two different BES technology (NaS and Li-ion) are compared. Both technologies show a good profit increment potential. Despite this, the actual economic benefits brought by the storage are lower than those needed to repay the battery itself. This means that this application cannot be used to counterbalance the profit loss dictated by “merit order effect” in the Italian scenario. Therefore, the study highlights the necessity to resort to alternative solutions to make a further RES development possible also from the economic point of view

Methodology for Energy Management in a Smart Microgrid Based on the Efficiency of Dispatchable Renewable Generation Sources and Distributed Storage Systems

This paper presents a methodology for energy management in a smart microgrid based on the efficiency of dispatchable generation sources and storage systems, with three different aims: elimination of power peaks; optimisation of the operation and performance of the microgrid; and reduction of energy consumption from the distribution network. The methodology is based on four steps: identification of elements of the microgrid, monitoring of the elements, characterization of the efficiency of the elements, and finally, microgrid energy management. A specific use case is shown at CEDER-CIEMAT (Centro para el Desarrollo de las Energías Renovables—Centro de Investi-gaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas), where consumption has been reduced during high tariff periods and power peaks have been eliminated, allowing an annual reduction of more than 25,000 kWh per year, which is equal to savings of more than 8500 €. It also allows the power contracted from the distribution company by CEDER (135 kW) not to be exceeded, which avoids penalties in the electricity bill

Conversion of a Network Section with Loads, Storage Systems and Renewable Generation Sources into a Smart Microgrid

This paper shows an experimental application case to convert a part of the grid formed by renewable generation sources, storage systems, and loads into a smart microgrid. This transformation will achieve greater efficiency and autonomy in its management. If we add to this the analysis of all the data that has been recorded and the correct management of the energy produced and stored, we can achieve a reduction in the electricity consumption of the distribution grid and, with this, a reduction in the associated bill. To achieve this transformation in the grid, we must provide it with intelligence. To achieve this, a four steps procedure are proposed: identification and description of the elements, integration of the elements in the same data network, establishing communication between the elements and the control system, creating an interface that allows control of the entire network. The microgrid of CEDER-CIEMAT (Renewable Energy Centre in Soria, Spain) is presented as a real case study. This centre is made up of various sources of generation, storage, and consumption. All the elements that make up the microgrid are incorporated into free software, Home Assistant, allowing real-time control and monitoring of all of them thanks to the intelligence that has been provided to the grid. The novelty of this paper is that it describes a procedure that is not reported in the current literature and that, being developed with Home Assistant, is free and allows the control and management of a microgrid from any device (mobile, PC) and from any place, even though not on the same data network as the microgrid

Open Source Monitoring and Alarm System for Smart Microgrids Operation and Maintenance Management

Microgrids are becoming increasingly important for improving the dependability, stability, and quality of the electrical system, as well as for integrating renewable technologies. This paper describes a novel monitoring and alarm system that has been developed to optimize the operation and maintenance of microgrids. The system is unique in that it has been developed using open source software, including Node-RED, Home Assistant, Maria DB, and Telegram, and it allows for easy programming of alarms or warnings. Testing of the system has taken place within the CEDER microgrid and is capable of detecting faults in various components of the microgrid, such as generation units, storage systems, and loads. Upon detecting a fault, the system immediately sends a text message to the mobile phones of the microgrid operator or maintenance crew, enabling them to promptly address the problem. The software can also manage preventive maintenance of the microgrid by sending periodic reminders to the maintenance crew regarding necessary tasks