Influence of Climate Change on Obligatory Interactions in the Ecosystem: Predicting the Future

Obligatory interactions in the ecosystem are sensitive to climate fluctuations. The study of how   mutualistic and parasitic associations which are obligatory for the partners, respond to past climate change especially in the Quaternary, would help deepen the understanding and provide clues to how ecosystems would respond to current and future climate changes. Data was obtained by searching through articles from different scientific databases spanning from 1990 to 2022.  The focus was on decoupling of partners, changes of the distributional limits of partner species and response to sudden climate change by the interacting partner species. From this review, data on response of obligate interactions to past climate change is limited and all constraints should be removed to allow for sufficient and appropriate data. Efficient calibration of demographic events from genetic data coupled with use of suitable biological models; including enhanced number of models from the tropics to help resolve the difficulty of timing biological events may be the way forward. Keywords: obligate; interactions; Quaternary; climate change; ecosystem: DOI: 10.7176/JEES/13-5-04 Publication date:July 31st 202

Evidence of microplastics accumulation in the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fishes from an estuarine system in Ghana

The contamination of aquatic environments by microplastics (MPs) and their subsequent ingestion by fish continues to be a universal ecological challenge. Although numerous studies have been conducted on the accumulation of MPs by fishes globally, not much work has been done within the major estuaries along the Atlantic Coast. This study explored and characterized microplastics in the gills and gastrointestinal tract in 98 specimens of 10 fish taxa (Sarotherodon melanotheron, Pseudotolithus senegalensis, Gobionellus occidentalis, Ethmalosa fimbriata, Chrysichthys nigrodigitalus, Elops lacerta, Mugil bananesis, Cynoglossus senegalensis, Apsilus fuscus and Galeoides decadactylus) from the Pra Estuary, Ghana. The gastrointestinal contents of the fish were extracted, analysed and characterized using a stereomicroscope fitted with an Attenuated Total Reflectance Fourier Transform Infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR). A total of 529 MP particles were found in the fishes. C. nigrodigitalus recorded the highest MP levels in the gills with an average of 4.83 ± 2.08 items/individual whiles S. melanotheron recorded the highest in the gastrointestinal tract at 9.83 ± 4.63 items/individual. Within the fish, transparent fibrous MPs of size <0.5 mm were the dominate types found. A vertical prevalence of MPs was observed across the feeding and habitat preference of the species suggesting a possible linkage with the ecological niche of fishes. Our findings further demonstrate the need for advance studies on the impacts and level of threat microplastic accumulation pose to the sampled fishes and potential consumers