Pelatihan Maintenance Korosi pada Baling Baling Kapal Klotok Balikpapan-Penajam Pasir Utara (PPU)

Community service is one of the tri dharma of higher education which is the duty of lectures college students, therefore in this servicewe rised the issue of how to maintain corrosion on klotok ship propellers for the Balikpapan-PPU routeand how to conduct optimal training activities so that theactors, owners and operators are orderly and take good care. The method of implementation is the form of training for 2 days and mentoring for 3 consecutive months. This training activity involved 2 lectures and 3 college students. This ship propeller maintenance training was attendedby 30 people consisting of 10 ship owners and 20 klotok ship operators. Implementation of on august 31st – September 1st 2018 with the hope that the owners and operators of the klotok ships can understand the importance of their klotok care so thath people who use sea transportation, especially the people of Balikpapan and Penajam Pasir Utara feel safe and confortable while in the klotok ship. This training makes it easier for ship owners to monitor operators directly and carryng our their klotok and operators also do not arbitrarily runklotok without maintenance. Keywords :klotok ships, maintenance, ship propellers, ship operators, training. &nbsp

ANALISIS KETAHANAN ABRASI MATERIAL OUTSOLE POLYURETHANE (PU) & NITRILE BUTADINE RUBBER (NBR) PADA SAFETY SHOES CHEETAH DI PT. X

Improved quality, strength and life time in terms of abrasion resistance on safety shoes outsole Cheetah material where the process use of some material has decreased in quality, besides due to usage factors, maintenance factors, and some of these materials also experience problems during use. This study is done to determine the abrasion resistance of each Outsole Polyurethane (PU) material and Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR). Abrasion resistance test on the material method used the DIN Abrasion tester. Retrieval of data on outsole material was carried out on the outsole material with new conditions and that has been used in the field for a period of 1 year with a method of measuring abrasion resistance index and density of material. Calculation of average abrasion resistance for new Polyurethane (PU) type was 37 , 11 mm3 / year, while the average abrasion resistance for Polyurethane (PU) type that has been used for 1 year was 33.19 mm3 / year so that the difference is 3.92 mm3 / year or about 11% quality decrease of abrasion resistance. The average abrasion resistance with the new Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) type was 108.26 mm3 / year, the average abrasion resistance for Nitrile Butadiene Rubber (NBR) type with conditions already used in 1 year period was 107.44 mm3 / year so that the difference is 0.82 mm3 / year or about 1% decrease in quality decrease of abrasion resistance. Abrasion tolerance limits that have been set according to the SOP (Standard Operational Procedure) against abrasion resistance if SG ≥ 0.9 then the Abrasive Max is 150 and if SG ≤ 0.9 Then the Abrasive Max is 250

Mitigating Food Supply Chain Disruptions Amid Covid-19

Pesan Utama - Untuk mencegah penyebaran wabah, banyak wilayah di Indonesia memberlakukan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dengan berbagai tingkat pembatasan pergerakan orang dan barang. - Minimnya kejelasan pembatasan di ranah industri dan transportasi di masa PSBB berisiko menciptakan gangguan pasok dan keterlambatan distribusi yang dapat berakhir pada kelangkaan dan kenaikan harga-harga. Kondisi tersebut kemudian juga diperumit dengan adanya pemberlakukan upaya-upaya lainnya oleh pemerintah daerah ketika mengumumkan PSBB di wilayah mereka. - Pihak berwenang harus memastikan bahwa seluruh rantai pasok pangan tetap aktif dan tidak terganggu. Kementerian Perindustrian (Kemenperin) sebaiknya mengeluarkan izin kepada semua sektor yang terlibat dalam rantai pasok pangan dan Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub) sebaiknya memperbolehkan izin-izin tersebut untuk diverifikasi dengan cepat pada titik-titik pemeriksaan. Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara (Kementerian BUMN) sebaiknya mengarahkan perusahaan surveyornya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas survey di pelabuhan-pelabuhan. - Kemenperin, Kemenhub, dan pemerintah daerah harus memastikan protokol kesehatan ditaati oleh semua industri dan penyedia jasa transportasi dengan menjabarkan sanksi dan melakukan pemeriksaan secara acak. - Pemerintah daerah harus mencegah penyebaran wabah dengan memastikan gangguan paling minimum terhadap pasok pangan.Key Messages - To contain the outbreak, many regions in Indonesia have implemented Large Scale Social Restriction (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar/ PSBB) with varying degrees of restrictions on the movements of people and goods. - Lack of clarity in industry and transportation restrictions during PSBB risks creating supply disruptions and distribution delays that can result in shortages and inflate prices. This is exacerbated by measures imposed by local governments when declaring PSBB in their areas. - Authorities should ensure that the entire food supply chain remains active and unhindered. The Ministry of Industry (MOI) should issue permits to all sectors involved in the food supply chain and the Ministry of Transportation (MOT) should allow for these permits to be used for quick verification at checkpoints. The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (MSOE) should direct its surveying firms to increase surveying capacity at ports. - MOI, MOT, and local governments should ensure that health protocols are adhered to by industries and transportation providers by clearly specifying sanctions and conducting random checks. - Local governments should contain the outbreak with minimal disruption to the food supply

Accelerating Regional Integration: Issues at the Border

The sharp decline in trade volume and value during the current economic crisis has contributed to lower transportation costs and reduced waiting times at border crossings, reducing the urgency of progress on trade facilitation. Meanwhile, greater trade is expected to play a key role in recovery, and in sustaining growth afterwards. The crisis offers an excellent opportunity to make progress on facilitating intra-Asian trade and boosting the region's contribution to global economic recovery. This paper examines the status of, and challenges to, trade facilitation among the Asian Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation members, and the roles of hard and soft infrastructure (including logistics) in improving that performance. Analysis with a computable general equilibrium framework indicates that even a relatively modest reduction in trade costs can yield significant gains. Gross domestic product in the region expands and countries move into a more diversified trading pattern. Of particular relevance for policy considerations is that the results vary considerably across bilateral trade routes and commodity categories

Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: Building the Powerhouse

In January 2020 the Indonesian parliament ratified the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), which came into force in July 2020. The seed for this agreement was planted in 2005 when former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and former Australian Prime Minister John Howard agreed to improve trade relations between the two countries. Negotiations began in 2010, and after almost a decade, the two governments signed the agreement in March 2019. IA-CEPA came at an opportune time. As most countries recovered from the 2007–08 Global Financial Crisis, the United States and China engaged in a trade war. Tariff escalations and other trade restrictions by the two economic superpowers forced other countries to adjust their trade practices as well. Then came the COVID-19 pandemic, disrupting global trade as countries undertook restrictive measures to contain the spread of infection. Estimates suggest that international trade might have dropped by around 30% and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) contracted by as much as 40% in 2020. Like many other countries, Indonesia and Australia experienced economic recessions, with estimated 2020 growth rates of -1.5% and -4%, respectively. Both rely on government spending to keep the economy afloat while enforcing health protocols. Coming out of the pandemic, Indonesia and Australia will focus on re-building their economies. IA-CEPA can help facilitate this effort. Because both economies rely heavily on natural resource exports to China, bilateral trade and investment volume has historically been low despite their geographical proximity. Global trade has proliferated, driven by production chains that are increasingly globalized. Countries that take advantage of the opportunity to participate in international production are said to take part in global value chains. The pandemic may slow the move towards global production somewhat but will not reverse it. Compared to many countries, Indonesia’s and Australia’s participation in global value chains are still low. Improving participation in global value chains could accelerate economic recovery and reduce reliance on China. We, therefore, see the opportunity to use IA-CEPA in two ways. First, both countries should take advantage of opportunities created by the agreement to focus on their complementarities. Because at the aggregate level both countries’ exports are similarly natural resources dependent, these complementarities are likely to be found at a more disaggregated level. For example, Australia exports wheat to Indonesia as input for Indonesia’s food industry, from which Indonesia exports to third markets. Therefore, Indonesia and Australia should prioritize cooperation in the form of a ‘Powerhouse’ or ‘Joint Production’ model by using Australian inputs in Indonesian manufacturing exports or vice versa with an aim to target regional and global markets, rather than focusing solely on bilateral trade and investment flows. Second, both countries should take advantage of the comprehensive nature of the agreement to ensure that cooperation is not limited to trade and investment, but should push for domestic reforms as well. Indonesia in particular can use IA-CEPA to facilitate ongoing reforms following the passing of the 2020 Job Creation Law. These reforms should include improvement of the regulatory environment, particularly in the food and beverage manufacturing and higher education sectors. In this report we highlight important issues in and challenges for IA-CEPA using cases in two areas at the core of the agreement: trade in the food and beverage manufacturing sector and investment in higher education. Based on our analysis, we recommend the following: 1. The Ministry of Industry (MOI) should not implement an import substitution strategy in the food and beverage manufacturing industry. An import substitution strategy in this sector would hamper the ability of the Indonesia-Australia food and beverage ‘powerhouse’ to develop and engage with global value chains. 2. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) should amend Article 7 (1) of MOA Regulation No.2/2017 on Importation of Ruminant Livestock into the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia to eliminate the “1:5 breeder policy”, which hinders the full use of expanded quotas in the IA-CEPA, and would hamper the development of a ‘powerhouse’ in the processed meat sector. 3. Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) should have a global higher education strategy by working with the Immigration Department to streamline the application procedures for international students. At the very least, integrating the Student Permit, entry visa (VITAS), and Limited Stay Permit (E-ITAS) into a single student visa should be considered, as well as the elimination of an exit permit requiring prior application. 4. The Indonesian government and Australian universities should use IA-CEPA as a pilot project from which lessons can be learnt about international investment in higher education. IA-CEPA initial engagements with a single source country can help policy makers identify unexpected investment roadblocks while limiting the risks of failure in preparing for further opening up of this sector to foreign investors

Gerakan Peduli Sesama dan Bakti Sosial Relawan Covid-19 Teknik Mesin Universitas Balikpapan di Kelurahan Karang Rejo Kota Balikpapan

Gerakan peduli sesama dan bakti sosial adalah salah satu program pengabdian masyarakat yang dilaksanakan oleh dosen dan mahasiswa Program Studi Teknik Mesin Universitas Balikpapan sebagai bentuk kepedulian kita terhadap masyarakat dan lingkungan ditengah pandemic covid-19. Pelaksanaan kegiatan Gerakan Peduli Sesama dan Bakti Sosial oleh Relawan Teknik Mesin merupakan bagian dari tri dharma dan program kerja dari Universitas Balikpapan untuk meningkatkan pengetahuan dan membantu masyarakat tentang upaya memutus mata rantai penularan Covid-19. Kegiatan ini terlaksana pada Kelurahan Karang Rejo Kecamatan Balikpapan Tengah tepatnya RT. 31, 32, 46, 48 dan 62 dengan metode pengabdian berupa kegiatan penyuluhan, pembagian sabun cuci tangan, pembagian masker dan sembako serta penyemprotan disenfektan dilingkungan pemukiman warga. Hasil menunjukkan adanya respon positif pemerintah serta partisipasi aktif masyarakat yang tinggi

Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement: Building the Powerhouse

In January 2020 the Indonesian parliament ratified the Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Partnership Agreement (IA-CEPA), which came into force in July 2020. The seed for this agreement was planted in 2005 when former Indonesian President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono and former Australian Prime Minister John Howard agreed to improve trade relations between the two countries. Negotiations began in 2010, and after almost a decade, the two governments signed the agreement in March 2019. IA-CEPA came at an opportune time. As most countries recovered from the 2007–08 Global Financial Crisis, the United States and China engaged in a trade war. Tariff escalations and other trade restrictions by the two economic superpowers forced other countries to adjust their trade practices as well. Then came the COVID-19 pandemic, disrupting global trade as countries undertook restrictive measures to contain the spread of infection. Estimates suggest that international trade might have dropped by around 30% and Foreign Direct Investment (FDI) contracted by as much as 40% in 2020. Like many other countries, Indonesia and Australia experienced economic recessions, with estimated 2020 growth rates of -1.5% and -4%, respectively. Both rely on government spending to keep the economy afloat while enforcing health protocols. Coming out of the pandemic, Indonesia and Australia will focus on re-building their economies. IA-CEPA can help facilitate this effort. Because both economies rely heavily on natural resource exports to China, bilateral trade and investment volume has historically been low despite their geographical proximity. Global trade has proliferated, driven by production chains that are increasingly globalized. Countries that take advantage of the opportunity to participate in international production are said to take part in global value chains. The pandemic may slow the move towards global production somewhat but will not reverse it. Compared to many countries, Indonesia’s and Australia’s participation in global value chains are still low. Improving participation in global value chains could accelerate economic recovery and reduce reliance on China. We, therefore, see the opportunity to use IA-CEPA in two ways. First, both countries should take advantage of opportunities created by the agreement to focus on their complementarities. Because at the aggregate level both countries’ exports are similarly natural resources dependent, these complementarities are likely to be found at a more disaggregated level. For example, Australia exports wheat to Indonesia as input for Indonesia’s food industry, from which Indonesia exports to third markets. Therefore, Indonesia and Australia should prioritize cooperation in the form of a ‘Powerhouse’ or ‘Joint Production’ model by using Australian inputs in Indonesian manufacturing exports or vice versa with an aim to target regional and global markets, rather than focusing solely on bilateral trade and investment flows. Second, both countries should take advantage of the comprehensive nature of the agreement to ensure that cooperation is not limited to trade and investment, but should push for domestic reforms as well. Indonesia in particular can use IA-CEPA to facilitate ongoing reforms following the passing of the 2020 Job Creation Law. These reforms should include improvement of the regulatory environment, particularly in the food and beverage manufacturing and higher education sectors. In this report we highlight important issues in and challenges for IA-CEPA using cases in two areas at the core of the agreement: trade in the food and beverage manufacturing sector and investment in higher education. Based on our analysis, we recommend the following: 1. The Ministry of Industry (MOI) should not implement an import substitution strategy in the food and beverage manufacturing industry. An import substitution strategy in this sector would hamper the ability of the Indonesia-Australia food and beverage ‘powerhouse’ to develop and engage with global value chains. 2. The Ministry of Agriculture (MOA) should amend Article 7 (1) of MOA Regulation No.2/2017 on Importation of Ruminant Livestock into the Territory of the Republic of Indonesia to eliminate the “1:5 breeder policy”, which hinders the full use of expanded quotas in the IA-CEPA, and would hamper the development of a ‘powerhouse’ in the processed meat sector. 3. Ministry of Education and Culture (MOEC) should have a global higher education strategy by working with the Immigration Department to streamline the application procedures for international students. At the very least, integrating the Student Permit, entry visa (VITAS), and Limited Stay Permit (E-ITAS) into a single student visa should be considered, as well as the elimination of an exit permit requiring prior application. 4. The Indonesian government and Australian universities should use IA-CEPA as a pilot project from which lessons can be learnt about international investment in higher education. IA-CEPA initial engagements with a single source country can help policy makers identify unexpected investment roadblocks while limiting the risks of failure in preparing for further opening up of this sector to foreign investors

Mitigating Food Supply Chain Disruptions Amid Covid-19

Pesan Utama - Untuk mencegah penyebaran wabah, banyak wilayah di Indonesia memberlakukan Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar (PSBB) dengan berbagai tingkat pembatasan pergerakan orang dan barang. - Minimnya kejelasan pembatasan di ranah industri dan transportasi di masa PSBB berisiko menciptakan gangguan pasok dan keterlambatan distribusi yang dapat berakhir pada kelangkaan dan kenaikan harga-harga. Kondisi tersebut kemudian juga diperumit dengan adanya pemberlakukan upaya-upaya lainnya oleh pemerintah daerah ketika mengumumkan PSBB di wilayah mereka. - Pihak berwenang harus memastikan bahwa seluruh rantai pasok pangan tetap aktif dan tidak terganggu. Kementerian Perindustrian (Kemenperin) sebaiknya mengeluarkan izin kepada semua sektor yang terlibat dalam rantai pasok pangan dan Kementerian Perhubungan (Kemenhub) sebaiknya memperbolehkan izin-izin tersebut untuk diverifikasi dengan cepat pada titik-titik pemeriksaan. Kementerian Badan Usaha Milik Negara (Kementerian BUMN) sebaiknya mengarahkan perusahaan surveyornya untuk meningkatkan kapasitas survey di pelabuhan-pelabuhan. - Kemenperin, Kemenhub, dan pemerintah daerah harus memastikan protokol kesehatan ditaati oleh semua industri dan penyedia jasa transportasi dengan menjabarkan sanksi dan melakukan pemeriksaan secara acak. - Pemerintah daerah harus mencegah penyebaran wabah dengan memastikan gangguan paling minimum terhadap pasok pangan.Key Messages - To contain the outbreak, many regions in Indonesia have implemented Large Scale Social Restriction (Pembatasan Sosial Berskala Besar/ PSBB) with varying degrees of restrictions on the movements of people and goods. - Lack of clarity in industry and transportation restrictions during PSBB risks creating supply disruptions and distribution delays that can result in shortages and inflate prices. This is exacerbated by measures imposed by local governments when declaring PSBB in their areas. - Authorities should ensure that the entire food supply chain remains active and unhindered. The Ministry of Industry (MOI) should issue permits to all sectors involved in the food supply chain and the Ministry of Transportation (MOT) should allow for these permits to be used for quick verification at checkpoints. The Ministry of State-Owned Enterprises (MSOE) should direct its surveying firms to increase surveying capacity at ports. - MOI, MOT, and local governments should ensure that health protocols are adhered to by industries and transportation providers by clearly specifying sanctions and conducting random checks. - Local governments should contain the outbreak with minimal disruption to the food supply

Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif Indonesia-Australia: Membangun Poros Kekuatan

Pada Januari 2020 parlemen Indonesia meratifikasi Perjanjian Kemitraan Ekonomi Komprehensif Indonesia-Australia atau Indonesia-Australia Comprehensive Economic Partnership Agreement (IACEPA) yang mulai berlaku pada Juli 2020. Cikal bakal perjanjian ini adalah pada tahun 2005 ketika Presiden Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono dan Perdana Menteri Australia John Howard, yang kala itu tengah menjabat, setuju untuk meningkatkan hubungan dagang antara kedua negara. Negosiasi dimulai pada 2010, dan setelah hampir satu dekade, kedua pemerintah menandatangani perjanjian pada Maret 2019. IA-CEPA muncul di saat yang tepat. Selagi kebanyakan negara tengah dalam masa pemulihan dari Krisis Finansial Global 2007-2008, Amerika Serikat dan Republik Rakyat Tiongkok (RRT) terlibat dalam perang dagang. Eskalasi tarif dan hambatan perdagangan lain yang diterapkan oleh dua negara dengan kekuatan ekonomi terbesar tersebut akhirnya memaksa negara-negara lain untuk menyesuaikan praktik perdagangan mereka. Kemudian datang pandemi Covid-19 yang mengganggu perdagangan dunia dan menyebabkan hampir semua negara mengambil langkah pembatasan untuk mencegah penyebaran infeksi virus. Perdagangan internasional diperkirakan jatuh sebesar 30% dan Penanaman Modal Asing (PMA) juga turun hingga sebesar 40% di tahun 2020. Seperti negara lainnya, Indonesia dan Australia juga mengalami resesi ekonomi dengan perkiraan nilai pertumbuhan tahun 2020 sebesar -1,5% dan -4%. Keduanya bergantung pada belanja negara untuk menjaga ekonomi tetap berjalan selagi tetap melaksanakan protokol kesehatan. Setelah pandemi berakhir, Indonesia dan Australia akan fokus membangun kembali ekonomi mereka. IA-CEPA dapat memfasilitasi upaya ini. Perekonomian kedua negara sangat bergantung pada ekspor sumber daya alam ke RRT, sehingga perdagangan bilateral dan volume investasi selalu rendah meskipun kondisi geografis berdekatan. Perdagangan global telah berkembang pesat, didorong oleh rantai produksi yang secara global juga meningkat. Negara-negara berpartisipasi dalam produksi internasional ini disebut-sebut sebagai mengambil bagian dalam rantai nilai global. Pandemi mungkin memperlambat langkah menuju produksi global, namun tidak akan menghentikan atau menggagalkannya. Dibandingkan dengan banyak negara, keterlibatan Indonesia dan Australia dalam rantai nilai global masih rendah. Meningkatkan keterlibatan dalam rantai nilai global dapat mengakselerasi pemulihan ekonomi dan mengurangi ketergantungan pada RRT. Oleh karena itu, kami melihat ada peluang untuk menggunakan IA-CEPA dengan dua cara. Pertama, kedua negara mengambil peluang keuntungan dari perjanjian ini untuk fokus pada hal yang sifatnya saling melengkapi atau komplementer. Mengingat di tingkat agregat ekspor kedua negara sama-sama bergantung pada sumber daya alam, maka sifat komplementer ini cenderung dapat ditemukan pada tingkatan produksi yang berbeda. Misalnya, Australia mengekspor gandum ke Indonesia sebagai bahan industri makanan Indonesia yang kemudian diekspor lagi ke pasar yang lain. Maka dari itu, Indonesia dan Australia sebaiknya memprioritaskan kerja sama dengan model poros kekuatan (Powerhouse) atau produksi bersama (Joint Production), yaitu dengan menggunakan bahan mentah dari Australia untuk komoditas ekspor manufaktur Indonesia atau sebaliknya. Tujuannya adalah untuk menargetkan pasar regional dan dunia alih-alih berfokus hanya pada arus perdagangan dan investasi dua arah. Kedua, baik Indonesia maupun Australia sebaiknya mengambil keuntungan dari luasnya cakupan perjanjian ini guna memastikan bahwa kerja sama tidak terbatas hanya pada perdagangan dan investasi, tetapi juga untuk mendorong reformasi domestik. Indonesia secara khusus dapat menggunakan IA-CEPA untuk memfasilitasi reformasi yang tengah berjalan setelah pengesahan UU Cipta Kerja 2020. Reformasi tersebut harus termasuk memperbaiki iklim regulasi, terutama di sektor manufaktur makanan dan minuman serta pendidikan tinggi. Dalam laporan ini kami menyoroti isu-isu penting serta tantangan dalam IA-CEPA dengan menggunakan kasus-kasus yang ada pada dua area utama perjanjian ini: perdagangan di sektor manufaktur makanan dan minuman serta investasi di sektor pendidikan tinggi. Berdasarkan analisis kami, berikut adalah beberapa rekomendasi kebijakan: 1. Kementerian Perindustrian (Kemenperin) sebaiknya tidak mengimplementasi strategi substitusi impor untuk industri manufaktur makanan dan minuman. Strategi substitusi impor di sektor ini akan menghambat perkembangan ‘poros kekuatan’ industri makanan dan minuman Indonesia-Australia untuk terlibat dalam rantai nilai global. 2. Kementerian Pertanian (Kementan) sebaiknya merevisi Pasal 7 (1) Permentan Nomor 2 Tahun 2017 tentang Pemasukan Ternak Ruminansia Besar ke Dalam Wilayah Negara Republik Indonesia dengan menghilangkan “kebijakan rasio ternak 1:5”, yang menghambat penggunaan penuh kuota yang telah ditingkatkan dalam IA-CEPA, dan akan mengganggu pengembangan sebuah ‘poros kekuatan’ di sektor daging olahan. 3. Kementerian Pendidikan dan Kebudayaan (Kemendikbud) sebaiknya memiliki strategi global untuk pendidikan tinggi dengan bekerja sama dengan Departemen Imigrasi guna menyederhanakan prosedur aplikasi pelajar internasional. Terakhir, pemerintah Indonesia sebaiknya mengintegrasikan Izin Belajar, Visa Izin Tinggal Terbatas (VITAS), dan Izin Tinggal Terbatas (E-ITAS) menjadi sebuah visa pelajar tunggal dan juga menghapus persyaratan izin keluar. 4. Pemerintah Indonesia dan universitas di Australia seharusnya menggunakan IA-CEPA sebagai proyek percobaan di mana kedua belah pihak bisa mendapatkan pelajaran tentang investasi internasional di sektor pendidikan tinggi. Tahap pembukaan awal dengan hanya satu negara dapat membantu pembuat kebijakan mengidentifikasi hambatan investasi yang tidak terduga sekaligus juga meminimalkan risiko kegagalan membuka sektor ini lebih lanjut bagi investor asing