Persistent mRNA and miRNA expression changes in irradiated baboons

Abstract We examined the transcriptome/post-transcriptome for persistent gene expression changes after radiation exposure in a baboon model. Eighteen baboons were irradiated with a whole body equivalent dose of 2.5 or 5 Gy. Blood samples were taken before, 7, 28 and 75–106 days after radiation exposure. Stage I was a whole genome screening for mRNA combined with a qRT-PCR platform for detection of 667 miRNAs. Candidate mRNAs and miRNAs differentially up- or down-regulated in stage I were chosen for validation in stage II using the remaining samples. Only 12 of 32 candidate genes provided analyzable results with two mRNAs showing significant 3–5-fold differences in gene expression over the reference (p < 0.0001). From 667 candidate miRNAs, 290 miRNA were eligible for analysis with 21 miRNAs independently validated using qRT-PCR. These miRNAs showed persistent expression changes on each day and over days 7–106 days after exposure (n = 7). In particular miR-212 involved in radiosensitivity and immune modulation appeared persistently and 48–77-fold up-regulated over the entire time period. We are finally trying to put our results into a context of clinical implications and provide possible hints on underlying molecular mechanisms to be examined in future studies

Magnetic Resonance Image Findings and Potential Anatomic Risk Factors for Chodromalacia in Children and Adolescents Suffering from Non-Overload Atraumatic Knee Pain in the Ambulant Setting

Purpose: To evaluate magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings in children and adolescents suffering from knee pain without traumatic or physical overload history and to identify potential anatomic risk factors. Material and Methods: A total of 507 MRIs of 6- to 20-year-old patients (251 males; 256 females) were evaluated with regard to detectable pathologies of the knee. The results were compared to a control group without pain (n = 73; 34 males; 39 females). A binary logistic regression model and t-tests for paired and unpaired samples were used to identify possible risk factors and significant anatomic differences of the study population. Results: In 348 patients (68.6%), at least one pathology was detected. The most commonly detected finding was chondromalacia of the patellofemoral (PF) joint (n = 205; 40.4%). Chondral lesions of the PF joint occurred significantly more often in knee pain patients than in the control group (40% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001), especially in cases of a patella tilt angle > 5° (p ≤ 0.001), a bony sulcus angle > 150° (p = 0.002), a cartilaginous sulcus angle > 150° (p = 0.012), a lateral trochlear inclination p ≤ 0.001), a lateralised patella (p = 0.023) and a Wiberg type II or III patella shape (p = 0.019). Moreover, a larger patella tilt angle (p = 0.021), a greater bony sulcus angle (p = 0.042), a larger cartilaginous sulcus angle (p = 0.038) and a lower value of the lateral trochlear inclination (p = 0.014) were detected in knee pain patients compared to the reference group. Conclusion: Chondromalacia of the PF joint is frequently observed in children and adolescents suffering from non-overload atraumatic knee pain, whereby a patella tilt angle > 5°, a bony sulcus angle > 150°, a cartilaginous sulcus angle > 150°, a lateral trochlear inclination < 11°, a lateralised patella and a Wiberg type II or III patella shape seem to represent anatomic risk factors

Magnetic Resonance Image Findings and Potential Anatomic Risk Factors for Chodromalacia in Children and Adolescents Suffering from Non-Overload Atraumatic Knee Pain in the Ambulant Setting

Purpose: To evaluate magnetic resonance image (MRI) findings in children and adolescents suffering from knee pain without traumatic or physical overload history and to identify potential anatomic risk factors. Material and Methods: A total of 507 MRIs of 6- to 20-year-old patients (251 males; 256 females) were evaluated with regard to detectable pathologies of the knee. The results were compared to a control group without pain (n = 73; 34 males; 39 females). A binary logistic regression model and t-tests for paired and unpaired samples were used to identify possible risk factors and significant anatomic differences of the study population. Results: In 348 patients (68.6%), at least one pathology was detected. The most commonly detected finding was chondromalacia of the patellofemoral (PF) joint (n = 205; 40.4%). Chondral lesions of the PF joint occurred significantly more often in knee pain patients than in the control group (40% vs. 11.0%; p = 0.001), especially in cases of a patella tilt angle > 5° (p ≤ 0.001), a bony sulcus angle > 150° (p = 0.002), a cartilaginous sulcus angle > 150° (p = 0.012), a lateral trochlear inclination 5°, a bony sulcus angle > 150°, a cartilaginous sulcus angle > 150°, a lateral trochlear inclination < 11°, a lateralised patella and a Wiberg type II or III patella shape seem to represent anatomic risk factors

Drug Coated Balloon Is Less Effective for Treatment of DES In-Stent Restenosis Both in Native Coronary Arteries and Saphenous Vein Grafts: Results From a Bicenter Registry

BackgroundThe paclitaxel drug coated balloon (DCB) is an established treatment for bare metal stent (BMS) in-stent restenosis (ISR) in native coronary arteries. The evidence of DCB-application for drug eluting stent (DES) ISR both in native coronaries and saphenous vein grafts (SVG) is limited. Aim of our study was to compare the differential efficacy of DCB for treatment of BMS- and DES-ISR in native coronary vessels and SVGs. Methods and ResultsN=135 DCB-treated patients with available follow up (FU) angiography were included in this retrospective study. Patients received treatment between April 2009 and March 2013 at 2 tertiary care hospitals in Germany. DCB was applied in BMS-ISR (n=65; 48%) and DES-ISR (n=70; 52%). DCB-treated lesions were located in native coronary arteries (n=110; 81%; BMS-ISR: n=58; 53%; DES-ISR: n=52; 47%) and SVGs (n=25; 19%; BMS-ISR: n=7, 28%; DES-ISR: n=18, 72%). Median FU was 12 months. Endpoints were binary restenosis and target lesion revascularization (TLR). Binary restenosis (29% vs. 57%; P<0.01) and TLR (18% vs. 46%; P<0.01) were significantly more frequent in DES-ISR versus BMS-ISR. In SVGs, TLR was required in 72% (DES-ISR) versus 14% (BMS-ISR); P=0.02. In the Kaplan-Meier-analysis freedom from both endpoints was significantly decreased in the DES-lesions both in the total population (binary restenosis P<0.01; TLR P<0.01) and native coronaries (binary restenosis P=0.02; TLR P=0.04). ConclusionsDCB treatment is less effective in DES-ISR than in BMS-ISR. The diminished efficacy of DCB treatment is even more pronounced in DES-ISR located within degenerated SVGs

Gene expression changes in male and female rhesus macaque 60 days after irradiation

Purpose Transcriptome changes can be expected in survivors after lethal irradiation. We aimed to characterize these in males and females and after different cytokine treatments 60 days after irradiation. Material and methods Male and female rhesus macaques (n = 142) received a whole-body exposure with 700 cGy, from which 60 animals survived. Peripheral whole blood was drawn pre-exposure and before sacrificing the surviving animals after 60 days. Results We evaluated gene expression in a three-phase study design. Phase I was a whole-genome screening (NGS) for mRNAs using five pre- and post-exposure RNA samples from both sexes (n = 20). Differential gene expression (DGE) was calculated between samples of survivors and pre-exposure samples (reference), separately for males and females. 1,243 up- and down-regulated genes were identified with 30-50% more deregulated genes in females. 37 candidate mRNAs were chosen for qRT-PCR validation in phase II using the remaining samples (n = 117). Altogether 17 genes showed (borderline) significant (t-test) DGE in groups of untreated or treated animals. Nine genes (CD248, EDAR, FAM19A5, GAL3ST4, GCNT4, HBG2/1, LRRN1, NOG, SYT14) remained with significant changes and were detected in at least 50% of samples per group. Panther analysis revealed an overlap between both sexes, related to the WNT signaling pathway, cell adhesion and immunological functions. For phase III, we validated the nine genes with candidate genes (n = 32) from an earlier conducted study on male baboons. Altogether 14 out of 41 genes showed a concordantly DGE across both species in a bilateral comparison. Conclusions Sixty days after radiation exposure, we identified (1) sex and cytokine treatment independent transcriptional changes, (2) females with almost twice as much deregulated genes appeared more radio-responsive than males, (3) Panther analysis revealed an association with immunological processes and WNT pathway for both sexes