A New Approach to Analyzing Convergence and Synchronicity in Growth and Business Cycles: Cross Recurrence Plots and Quantification Analysis

Convergence and synchronisation of business and growth cycles are important issues in the efficient formulation of euro area economic policies, and in particular European Central Bank (ECB) monetary policy. Although several studies in the economics literature address the issue of synchronicity of growth within the euro area, this is the first study to address this issue using cross-recurrence analysis. The main findings are that member state growth rates had largely converged before the introduction of the euro, but there is a wide degree of different synchronisation behaviours which appear non-linear in nature. Many of the euro area member states display what is termed here as "intermittency" in synchronization, although this is not consistent across countries or members of the euro area. These differences in synchronization behaviors could cause problems in future implementation of euro area monetary policy.Euro area; business cycles; growth cycles; recurrence plots; recurrence quantification analysis; non-stationarity; complex systems; surrogate analysis.

Numerical solution of a non-linear conservation law applicable to the interior dynamics of partially molten planets

The energy balance of a partially molten rocky planet can be expressed as a non-linear diffusion equation using mixing length theory to quantify heat transport by both convection and mixing of the melt and solid phases. In this formulation the effective or eddy diffusivity depends on the entropy gradient, $\partial S/\partial r$, as well as entropy. First we present a simplified model with semi-analytical solutions, highlighting the large dynamic range of $\partial S/\partial r$, around 12 orders of magnitude, for physically-relevant parameters. It also elucidates the thermal structure of a magma ocean during the earliest stage of crystal formation. This motivates the development of a simple, stable numerical scheme able to capture the large dynamic range of $\partial S/\partial r$ and provide a flexible and robust method for time-integrating the energy equation. We then consider a full model including energy fluxes associated with convection, mixing, gravitational separation, and conduction that all depend on the thermophysical properties of the melt and solid phases. This model is discretised and evolved by applying the finite volume method (FVM), allowing for extended precision calculations and using $\partial S/\partial r$ as the solution variable. The FVM is well-suited to this problem since it is naturally energy conserving, flexible, and intuitive to incorporate arbitrary non-linear fluxes that rely on lookup data. Special attention is given to the numerically challenging scenario in which crystals first form in the centre of a magma ocean. Our computational framework is immediately applicable to modelling high melt fraction phenomena in Earth and planetary science research. Furthermore, it provides a template for solving similar non-linear diffusion equations arising in other disciplines, particularly for non-linear functional forms of the diffusion coefficient

Evaluation of Transgenic Corn and Soil Insecticides for Control of Corn Rootworm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transgenic corn or soil insecticides, either alone or in combination, for the control of corn rootworm

Effects of Soil Insecticides in Combination with Transgenic Rootworm Corn

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of transgenic corn and soil insecticides, either alone or in combination, for the control of corn rootworm

Evaluation of Technologies for Management of Corn Rootworm Larvae in Northeast Iowa

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt corn and soil insecticides, either alone or in combination, for management of corn rootworm larvae. Evaluation of Bt hybrids included Agrisure 3111, Agrisure 3122, Herculex XTRA, Pioneer Optimum AcreMax1, Smartstax, and YieldGard VT3. Soil insecticides evaluated were Aztec 2.1G, Aztec-SB 4.67G, Capture LFR 1.5FL, Counter-

Evaluation of Bt and Non-Bt Corn with and without Soil Insecticides for Control of Corn Rootworm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt corn and soil insecticides, either alone or in combination, for the control of corn rootworm. Evaluation of Bt hybrids included SmartStax, SmartStax with a blended refuge (refuge in the bag), and Herculex XTRA. Soil insecticides evaluated were SmartChoice-SB, Counter-SB, Aztec, and Force

Evaluation of Bt Corn and Soil Insecticides for Management of Corn Rootworm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of Bt corn and soil insecticides, either alone or in combination, for management of corn rootworm. Evaluation of Bt hybrids included Smartstax, YieldGard VT3, Pioneer Optimum AcreMax1, Agrisure 3000GT, and Herculex XTRA. Soil insecticides evaluated were SmartChoice-SB 5G, Counter-SB20G, Aztec-SB 4.67G, Lorsban 15G, Capture LFR1.5FL, Aztec 2.1G, and Force 3G and 250CS

Evaluation of Smartstax, Herculex XTRA, and Conventional Corn for Control of Corn Earworm

The purpose of this study was to evaluate Smartstax corn, Herculex XTRA, and a nonBt true isoline for control of corn earworm. Data collected include stand counts, total kernels, and damaged kernels

Comparison of Diverse Management Tools for Control of Corn Rootworms

In this study we evaluated soil-applied insecticides, seed treatments, and transgenic corn for their effectiveness in protecting corn roots from injury due to feeding by corn rootworms