La C.E.E : un modele juridique pour une plus grande integration economique en Afrique australe. Volume 1-2

The purpose of this thesis is to answer the following question : Ii the E.E.C. in fact a legal model for greater economic integration in Southern Africa? Part One of the thesis provides a description of the organization of the E.E.C After a brief historical introduction, Section One analyses the Community's main institutions : their composition, their function, and their decision-making mechanisms. The different legal instruments of Community law, the relationship between this law and traditional international law on the one hand and the national law of the member states on the other, the interaction between the Council, the Commission and the European Parliament as well as the financing of the organization are also considered in some detail. Section Two examines some of its most important spheres of activity, namely, free movement of goods, free movement of persons, freedom to provide services, free movement of capital, the rules on competition, regional policy, fiscal harmonization and V.A.T., legal equalization processes and transport. A definition of the internal market and an account of other innovations introduced by the Single European Act in the field of the organization's activities concludes this section on the E.E.C Part Two deals with the principal organizations of economic cooperation in Africa, of which South Africa is not a member, and examines to what extent the African continent has been influenced by this European experience. After a short historical account leading to the existence of these African organizations, each kind of institution in these different organizations is dealt with separately in Section One, particular attention being given to their composition, their functions, and their different legal instruments. This is followed by a study of the law of these organizations and to what extent it differs from the traditional international law, as well as the interaction between the different institutions and the financing of these organizations. Section Two examines the main fields of activity of the organizations studied in this Part, namely, the suppression of customs duties, the common customs tariff, the removal of technical barriers to trade, free movement of persons, freedom to provide services, free movement of capital, transport and communication, natural resources, social and cultural matters, regional policies, industrial development, and other fields of activity. Part Three is divided into three chapters. The first one is the study of the principal instruments of multilateral economic cooperation to which South Africa belongs, that is, the Southern African Customs Union, and Monetary Area and the Economic Community of Southern Africa. The second Chapter presents general comparisons between the institutional structure of the organizations, their fields of activity, as well as the supranationalism which they could eventually enjoy. Finally, the third Chapter consists of conclusions which .are of a more personal note, that is to say, a presentation of an original system based on the study made in this thesis, particularly of the E.E.C., a system which, in my opinion, could be applied to the internal law in South Africa and at the same time could offer a model of economic and political integration in Southern Africa

Code international de la détention en Afrique

La nécesssité de concilier deux réalités juridiques, à savoir le maintien de l'ordre public en réprimant les auteurs d'actes asociaux et le respect des droits essentiels des détenus, a conduit, depuis la fin de la Seconde Guerre mondiale, à l'adoption de multiples instruments visant à règlementer la privation de liberté. Le présent recueil couvre les principaux instruments juridiques internationaux - universels et régionaux africains - relatifs à la détention en Afrique. The importance of reconciling two legal realities: the maintenance of public order in punishing perpetrators of antisocial acts and the respect for the essential rights of prisoners, led since the end of World War II to the adoption of multiple instruments to regulate the deprivation of liberty. This book covers the main international legal instruments - universal and regional African - on prison law in Africa

DTN based Management Framework for Green On/Off Networks

National audienceThe increasing cost of powering high performance networking infrastructure has led to the proposal of various energy saving schemes. The On/Off technique, being the most common energy saving scheme, consists of powering down partially or entirely a network infrastructure for energy saving purposes. Despite their capability to achieve great energy savings, On/Off networks experience high packet-loss rates due to the absence of reliability on packet delivery. Moreover, they cannot guarantee any response time to user applications. This paper presents the design and implementation of MFO2N; Experimental results show a correlation between offered quality of service and overall network power consumption, revealing that a trade-off should be made

Numerical investigation of energy potential and performance of a residential building-integrated solar micro-CHP system

International audienceThe studied micro-CHP unit converts concentrated solar energy into electricity and heat by coupling a 46.5 m² parabolic trough collector with an oil-free single-cylinder steam engine operating according to the Hirn cycle. Originalities of this system are two axis solar tracking and direct steam generation. The exhaust heat of the cycle is recovered to cover building's heat needs, while the electricity is either self-consumed or fed back into the electricity grid. Experimental studies have shown that it is impossible to achieve continuous operation of the facility without an additional heat source. Thus, we are studying solutions for integrating a backup heating system from dynamic thermal simulations performed with TRNSYS© software One of them consists in adding a 30 kW boiler to the primary circuit in order to ensure daily electricity production. However, this is restricted by the considered storage tank. A parametric study on the volume of the storage tank makes it possible to propose an optimal solution for heat recovery. The results indicate that a storage volume of 3 m 3 meets the needs of the building and limits the heat losses due to heat storage. In order to optimize the use of such a micro-CHP unit, a heat sharing between several buildings equipped with 3 m 3 storage seems therefore to be a coherent solution

Murviel-lès-Montpellier – Le Castellas

La deuxième année du programme triennal (2014-2016) s’est développée sur les trois zones explorées l’année dernière : au sommet de la colline, en bordure du tronçon de l’enceinte de la ville haute où ouvre une poterne (chantier dirigé par Alexandre Beylier) ; dans le quartier d’habitat de la ville basse (chantier dirigé par Grégory Vacassy et Ghislain Vincent) ; à l’emplacement du centre monumental (chantier dirigé par Patrick Thollard). Les opérations de fouille intra muros ont été complétée..

Mobilisation des transferts intergouvernementaux et dépenses des collectivités locales au Cameroun : cas de la ville de Douala

Pour l’heure, les ressources propres des collectivités locales, dont la mobilisation ne dépend pas des autorités publiques centrales, sont très faibles au Cameroun. Par conséquent, les transferts financiers de l’Etat se positionnent comme une source fondamentale de revenus pour les collectivités locales. L’objectif de ce papier est de déterminer la contribution des transferts intergouvernementaux à la croissance des dépenses des collectivités locales de la ville de Douala. La méthode des moindres carrés ordinaires a permis d’estimer un modèle à effets individuels fixes à partir des données de panel de six collectivités locales sur la période 2011-2015. Lorsque la fiscalité partagée et la fiscalité de péréquation varient d’une unité, les dépenses des collectivités locales varient de 163.69% et 13.65%, respectivement. Les transferts intergouvernementaux favorisent donc la croissance des dépenses des collectivités locales. L’Etat et les collectivités locales devraient mettre sur pied des mécanismes de transferts intergouvernementaux efficients afin d’améliorer les recettes budgétaires locales. L’Etat pourrait donc augmenter la part de son budget qu’elle accorde aux collectivités locales

CoViD-19, capital humain et crise économique en Afrique subsaharienne : une analyse prospective

Depuis quelques mois, le monde fait face à une grave crise sanitaire liée à la pandémie de la CoViD-19. Cette crise menace de faire trébucher l’Afrique subsaharienne en inversant les progrès économiques qu’elle a réalisés ces dernières années. L’objectif de cet article est de mener une étude prospective des effets économiques de la pandémie de la CoViD-19 en Afrique subsaharienne, sur la base d’une analyse de la théorie de la croissance endogène (capital humain), des résultats des travaux empiriques sur le lien santé-croissance et des prévisions axées sur les scénarios projetés par les organismes internationaux (le FMI, notamment) et les études antérieures. Selon le FMI (2020), cette pandémie entrainera une contraction du taux de croissance de 1,6% en Afrique subsaharienne en 2020. Pour faire face à cette crise sanitaire et économique, la priorité selon le FMI (2020) est d’accroître les capacités et les dépenses de santé pour sauver des vies et contenir la pandémie. Par ailleurs, pour répondre aux importants besoins de financement engendrés, tous les partenaires du développement devraient apporter leur soutien, en plus d’alléger la dette des pays les plus vulnérables de cette sous-région. Les politiques budgétaires, monétaires et financières doivent être orientées vers la protection des groupes vulnérables en atténuant les pertes économiques et en soutenant la reprise. For the past few months, the world has been facing a serious health crisis linked to the CoViD-19 pandemic. This crisis threatens to trip subSaharan Africa by reversing the economic progress it has made in recent years. The objective of this article is to conduct a prospective study of the economic effects of the CoViD-19 pandemic in sub-Saharan Africa, based on an analysis of the endogenous growth theory (human capital), of the results of empirical works on the link between health and growth and forecasts focusing on the scenarios projected by international organizations (the IMF, in particular) and previous studies. According to the IMF (2020), this pandemic will lead to a contraction of the growth rate of 1.6% in sub-Saharan Africa in 2020. To deal with this health and economic crisis, the priority according to the IMF (2020) is to increase health capacities and spending to save lives and contain the pandemic. In addition, to meet the significant financing needs generated, all development partners should provide support, in addition to reducing the debt of the most vulnerable countries in this sub-region. Fiscal, monetary and financial policies must be geared towards protecting vulnerable groups, by mitigating economic losses and supporting the recovery

Time Series Continuous Modeling for Imputation and Forecasting with Implicit Neural Representations

We introduce a novel modeling approach for time series imputation and forecasting, tailored to address the challenges often encountered in real-world data, such as irregular samples, missing data, or unaligned measurements from multiple sensors. Our method relies on a continuous-time-dependent model of the series' evolution dynamics. It leverages adaptations of conditional, implicit neural representations for sequential data. A modulation mechanism, driven by a meta-learning algorithm, allows adaptation to unseen samples and extrapolation beyond observed time-windows for long-term predictions. The model provides a highly flexible and unified framework for imputation and forecasting tasks across a wide range of challenging scenarios. It achieves state-of-the-art performance on classical benchmarks and outperforms alternative time-continuous models

On Applying DTNs to a Delay Constrained Scenario in Wired Networks

International audienceThe Delay/Disruption Tolerant Networking (DTN) architecture has been successful in addressing communication issues such as disruption, variable delay, and network parti- tioning. DTN uses intermittently available links to communicate opportunistically regardless of delivery delay. In the literature, much work has been done mainly to improve the rate of message delivery and routing algorithms. However, previous work has not focused on guaranteeing the message delivery delay in a DTN scenario. In addition, real deployments of DTN systems have so far been mostly proof-of-concepts in research projects. We address the problem of delivery delay in a wired DTN scenario where messages are moved across a time-varying graph topology whose dynamics are known in advance and can be modified. We propose a framework that guarantees bounded delivery delay of users' data. To demonstrate the feasibility of our network management approach, we evaluate our framework on a 10-node wired DTN topology deployed on the Grid5000 platfor

Phytochemical analysis and antifungal property of Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll.Arg. (Euphorbiaceae)

The emergence of resistant fungi to available drugs highlights the need for new antifungal drugs. The present study aimed to evaluate the antifungal activity of the isolated compounds, fractions and crude extract from the leaf of Mallotus oppositifolius (Geiseler) Müll. Arg. Three pure compounds labelled 1-3 were isolated from the methylene chloride / methanol (1/1) extract of the leaf of this plant using chromatography techniques. These compounds were identified using analytical spectroscopic methods as betulinic acid (1), quercetine (2) and quercitin (3). The crude extract, fractions and compounds were tested against pathogenic yeasts (Candida albicans, Candida glabrata, Candida krusei) and dermatophytes (Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton soudanense, Microsporum audouinii, Microsporum langeronii) using agar well diffusion and dilution methods. The safety of the crude extract was studied on Wistar rats according to the WHO guidelines. The minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) values ranged from 48 to 781 μg/ml against yeasts for crude extract and fractions, and 1.86 to 25000 μg/ml against dermatophytes for pure compounds, fractions and crude extract. The antifungal activity of pure compounds was not determined against yeasts. The crude extract of leaf was found to be safe in rat at up to 12 g/kg. The results achieved supported the traditional use of Mallotus oppositifolius leaf for the treatment of fungal infections.Keywords: Mallotus oppositifolius, antifungal activity, safety, phytochemical screening