Unforeseen plant phenotypic diversity in a dry and grazed world

23 páginas..- 4 figuras y 7 figuras.- 50 referencias y 90 referenciasEarth harbours an extraordinary plant phenotypic diversity1 that is at risk from ongoing global changes2,3. However, it remains unknown how increasing aridity and livestock grazing pressure—two major drivers of global change4,5,6—shape the trait covariation that underlies plant phenotypic diversity1,7. Here we assessed how covariation among 20 chemical and morphological traits responds to aridity and grazing pressure within global drylands. Our analysis involved 133,769 trait measurements spanning 1,347 observations of 301 perennial plant species surveyed across 326 plots from 6 continents. Crossing an aridity threshold of approximately 0.7 (close to the transition between semi-arid and arid zones) led to an unexpected 88% increase in trait diversity. This threshold appeared in the presence of grazers, and moved toward lower aridity levels with increasing grazing pressure. Moreover, 57% of observed trait diversity occurred only in the most arid and grazed drylands, highlighting the phenotypic uniqueness of these extreme environments. Our work indicates that drylands act as a global reservoir of plant phenotypic diversity and challenge the pervasive view that harsh environmental conditions reduce plant trait diversity8,9,10. They also highlight that many alternative strategies may enable plants to cope with increases in environmental stress induced by climate change and land-use intensification.This research was funded by the European Research Council (ERC Grant agreement 647038 1004 [BIODESERT]) and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041). N.G. was supported by CAP 20–25 (16-IDEX-0001) and the AgreenSkills+ fellowship programme which has received funding from the European Union’s Seventh Framework Programme under grant agreement FP7-609398 (AgreenSkills+ contract). F.T.M. acknowledges support from the King Abdullah University of Science and Technology (KAUST), the KAUST Climate and Livability Initiative, the University of Alicante (UADIF22-74 and VIGROB22-350), the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-116578RB-I00), and the Synthesis Center (sDiv) of the German Centre for Integrative Biodiversity Research Halle–Jena–Leipzig (iDiv). Y.L.B.-P. was supported by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-1018 IF) within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. L.W. acknowledges support from the US National Science Foundation (EAR 1554894). G.M.W. acknowledges support from the Australian Research Council (DP210102593) and TERN. M.B is supported by a Ramón y Cajal grant from Spanish Ministry of Science (RYC2021-031797-I). L.v.d.B. and K.T. were supported by the German Research Foundation (DFG) Priority Program SPP-1803 (TI388/14-1). A.F. acknowledges the financial support from ANID PIA/BASAL FB210006 and Millenium Science Initiative Program NCN2021-050. A.J. was supported by the Bavarian Research Alliance for travel and field work (BayIntAn UBT 2017 61). A.L. and L.K. acknowledge support from the German Research Foundation, DFG (grant CRC TRR228) and German Federal Government for Science and Education, BMBF (grants 01LL1802C and 01LC1821A). B.B. and S.U. were supported by the Taylor Family-Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology. P.J.R. and A.J.M. acknowledge support from Fondo Europeo de Desarrollo Regional through the FEDER Andalucía operative programme, FEDER-UJA 1261180 project. E.M.-J. and C.P. acknowledge support from the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation (PID2020-116578RB-I00). D.J.E. was supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation. J.D. and A.Rodríguez acknowledge support from the FCT (2020.03670.CEECIND and SFRH/BDP/108913/2015, respectively), as well as from the MCTES, FSE, UE and the CFE (UIDB/04004/2021) research unit financed by FCT/MCTES through national funds (PIDDAC). S.C.R. acknowledges support from the US Department of Energy (DE-SC-0008168), US Department of Defense (RC18-1322), and the US Geological Survey Ecosystems Mission Area. Any use of trade, firm, or product names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the US government. E.H.-S. acknowledges support from Mexican National Science and Technology Council (CONACYT PN 5036 and 319059). A.N. and C. Branquinho. acknowledge the support from FCT—Fundação para a Ciência e a Tecnologia (CEECIND/02453/2018/CP1534/CT0001, PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/ 2020, UIDB/00329/2020), from AdaptForGrazing project (PRR-C05-i03-I-000035) and from LTsER Montado platform (LTER_EU_PT_001). Field work of G.P. and J.M.Z. was supported by UNRN (PI 40-C-873).Peer reviewe

Hotspots of biogeochemical activity linked to aridity and plant traits across global drylands

14 páginas.- 4 figuras.- 67 referencias.- The online version contains supplementary material available at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41477-024-01670-7Perennial plants create productive and biodiverse hotspots, known as fertile islands, beneath their canopies. These hotspots largely determine the structure and functioning of drylands worldwide. Despite their ubiquity, the factors controlling fertile islands under conditions of contrasting grazing by livestock, the most prevalent land use in drylands, remain virtually unknown. Here we evaluated the relative importance of grazing pressure and herbivore type, climate and plant functional traits on 24 soil physical and chemical attributes that represent proxies of key ecosystem services related to decomposition, soil fertility, and soil and water conservation. To do this, we conducted a standardized global survey of 288 plots at 88 sites in 25 countries worldwide. We show that aridity and plant traits are the major factors associated with the magnitude of plant effects on fertile islands in grazed drylands worldwide. Grazing pressure had little influence on the capacity of plants to support fertile islands. Taller and wider shrubs and grasses supported stronger island effects. Stable and functional soils tended to be linked to species-rich sites with taller plants. Together, our findings dispel the notion that grazing pressure or herbivore type are linked to the formation or intensification of fertile islands in drylands. Rather, our study suggests that changes in aridity, and processes that alter island identity and therefore plant traits, will have marked effects on how perennial plants support and maintain the functioning of drylands in a more arid and grazed world.This research was supported by the European Research Council (ERC grant 647038 (BIODESERT) awarded to F.T.M.) and Generalitat Valenciana (CIDEGENT/2018/041). D.J.E. was supported by the Hermon Slade Foundation (HSF21040). J. Ding was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China Project (41991232) and the Fundamental Research Funds for the Central Universities of China. M.D.-B. acknowledges support from TED2021-130908B-C41/AEI/10.13039/501100011033/Unión Europea Next Generation EU/PRTR and the Spanish Ministry of Science and Innovation for the I + D + i project PID2020-115813RA-I00 funded by MCIN/AEI/10.13039/501100011033. O.S. was supported by US National Science Foundation (Grants DEB 1754106, 20-25166), and Y.L.B.-P. by a Marie Sklodowska-Curie Actions Individual Fellowship (MSCA-1018 IF) within the European Program Horizon 2020 (DRYFUN Project 656035). K.G. and N.B. acknowledge support from the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF) SPACES projects OPTIMASS (FKZ: 01LL1302A) and ORYCS (FKZ: FKZ01LL1804A). B.B. was supported by the Taylor Family-Asia Foundation Endowed Chair in Ecology and Conservation Biology, and M. Bowker by funding from the School of Forestry, Northern Arizona University. C.B. acknowledges funding from the National Natural Science Foundation of China (41971131). D.B. acknowledges support from the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFI KKP 144096), and A. Fajardo support from ANID PIA/BASAL FB 210006 and the Millennium Science Initiative Program NCN2021-050. M.F. and H.E. received funding from Ferdowsi University of Mashhad (grant 39843). A.N. and M.K. acknowledge support from FCT (CEECIND/02453/2018/CP1534/CT0001, SFRH/BD/130274/2017, PTDC/ASP-SIL/7743/2020, UIDB/00329/2020), EEA (10/CALL#5), AdaptForGrazing (PRR-C05-i03-I-000035) and LTsER Montado platform (LTER_EU_PT_001) grants. O.V. acknowledges support from the Hungarian Research, Development and Innovation Office (NKFI KKP 144096). L.W. was supported by the US National Science Foundation (EAR 1554894). Y.Z. and X.Z. were supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (U2003214). H.S. is supported by a María Zambrano fellowship funded by the Ministry of Universities and European Union-Next Generation plan. The use of any trade, firm or product names does not imply endorsement by any agency, institution or government. Finally, we thank the many people who assisted with field work and the landowners, corporations and national bodies that allowed us access to their land.Peer reviewe

Riesgos y complicaciones de los tratamientos de infertilidad

El desarrollo y uso masivo de técnicas de fecundación asistida desde hace 30 años ha permitido el nacimiento de más de 3 millones de niños en el mundo; sin embargo, estos procedimientos no están exentos de riesgos. La complicación más frecuente es el embarazo múltiple determinado por el desarrollo de múltiples folículos en la inseminación intrauterina y la transferencia de 2 ó más embriones en la fecundación in-vitro. El síndrome de hiperestimulación ovárica constituye una complicación menos frecuente, pero potencialmente grave para la cual detallamos las estrategias de prevención y manejo clínico. Se discuten además las complicaciones derivadas de la aspiración folicular tales como hemorragia e infección entre otras

PORCENTAJE DE COMPROMISO DE LESION CERVICAL DE ALTO GRADO Y PERSISTENCIA DE ENFERMEDAD RESIDUAL POSTCONO

El objetivo de este trabajo fue evaluar la relación entre el porcentaje de cuello comprometido por neoplasia intraepitelial de alto grado en pacientes conizadas por asa leep y la persistencia de lesión residual en la pieza de histerectomía. Se presentan 78 casos de pacientes conizadas por asa leep y que posteriormente fueron sometidas a histerectomía entre junio de 1994 y diciembre del 2000 por enfermedad residual u otra patología ginecológica concomitante. Una vez obtenida la pieza de conización esta fue analizada en anatomía patológica evaluando el porcentaje de muestras comprometidas por nie de alto grado y se comparo con la persistencia de enfermedad en la pieza de histerectomía. Encontramos un valor significativamente estadístico entre el porcentaje de muestras comprometidas y la persistencia de enfermedad.The objetive of this research was to compare the percentage of persistence of residual lesion on hysterectomy specimen after a cone biopsy done with leep (loop electroexcision procedure) in patients with "high grade SIL" (squamous intraepithelial lesion). We present 78 patients that a cone biopsy with leep was done and subsequently had a histerectomy, between June 1994 and December 2000, for residual disease or other gynecological conditions. The pathology reports were statistically significant in between the percentage of compromised cervical biopsies and the persistence of disease in the uteru

COMPARACIÓN DE LOS PARÁMETROS SEMINALES EN LA PREDICCIÓN DEL RESULTADO DE LA INSEMINACIÓN INTRAUTERINA EN EL FACTOR MASCULINO

Se presenta un análisis retrospectivo de ciclos de inseminación intrauterina efectuados por factor masculino entre Enero de 1998 y Marzo de 2002. El objetivo fue evaluar el valor predictivo de los parámetros seminales en el resultado de la inseminación intrauterina tanto en la muestra nativa como en la separación espermática. Se analizaron 423 ciclos de inseminación intrauterina por factor masculino en 193 pacientes, con una tasa de embarazo por ciclo de un 14,2%. Sólo el tiempo de infertilidad y la morfología espermática resultaron ser variables con diferencias significativas entre el grupo con y sin embarazo. Concluimos que los parámetros espermáticos no constituyen por sí solos elementos predictores del resultado de la inseminación intrauterin

FECUNDACION ASISTIDA EMPLEANDO ESPERMATOZOIDES FRESCOS Y CRIOPRESERVADOS-DESCONGELADOS OBTENIDOS MEDIANTE BIOPSIA TESTICULAR (TESE)

Se realiza un análisis retrospectivo de los casos de pacientes azoospérmicos obstructivos y no obstructivos en los cuales se recuperó espermatozoides mediante TESE con el objetivo de comparar los resultados de fecundación asistida utilizando espermatozoides testiculares frescos y criopreservados-descongelados. De un total de 18 ciclos realizados en 13 pacientes, 7 correspondieron a microinyección con transferencia inmediata a la trompa (SOFT) y 11 a ICSI con cultivo y transferencia uterina. En 4 pacientes que fueron sometidas a SOFT se empleó espermatozoides frescos resultando en 2 embarazos y en 3 pacientes espermios congelados-descongelados obteniéndose un embarazo. Con respecto a los ciclos de ICSI con transferencia uterina, 9 se practicaron con espermios frescos obteniendo 3 embarazos y 2 con espermatozoides congelados lográndose una gestión. La tasa de fertilización se calculó considerando sólo aquellos ciclos con transferencia uterina siendo de un 78% para los espermios frescos y de un 57,14% para los congelados. Las tasas de embarazo por ciclo fueron de 38,46% y 40% para los espermios frescos y congelados respectivamente. Se concluye que la utilización de espermios testiculares criopreservados-descongelados para ICSI en pacientes azoospérmicos demuestra resultados comparables a los obtenidos con espermios testiculares frescos constituyendo una herramienta invaluable en el manejo de esta patología<br>We performed a retrospective study in obstructive and non-obstructive azoospermic patients in which spermatozooa had been recovered through testicular biopsy (TESE). The main objective was to compare the results of assisted reproductive technique using fresh testicular spermatozoa and frozen-thawed testicular spermatozoa. From a total of 18 cycles in 13 patients, 7 were done with sperm-injected oocyte fallopian transfer (SOFT) and 11 with ICSI and uterine embryo transfer. Fresh spermatozoa were used in 4 patients in the SOFT group and frozen-thawed spermatozoa in 3 patients resulting in 3 and 1 clinical pregnancy respectively. In the ICSI group, 9 cycles used fresh spermatozoa obtaining three prergnancies and two frozen-thawed achieving 1 pregnancy. The fertilization rate was calculed considering only the cycles with uterine embryo transfer resulting in 78% for fresh sperm and 57.14% for frozen-thawed. The pregnancy rate per cycle was 38.46% and 40% for fresh and frozen-thawed sperm respectively. We conclude that the use of frozen thawed testicular sperm for ICSI in azoospermic patients shows comparable results to fresh testicular sperm being an iinvaluable tool for the management of this patholog

EFECTIVIDAD CLÍNICA DEL MÉTODO MUCOTÉRMICO PARA REGULAR LA FERTILIDAD: RESULTADOS DE UN PROGRAMA APLICADO EN LA COMUNA DE SAN BERNARDO

Antecedentes: Los métodos naturales modernos para la regulación de la fertilidad (MNMRF) son un sistema estandarizado de instrucciones que, aplicadas correctamente por la usuaria, le permiten diagnosticar con precisión los días de infertilidad y de fertilidad presentes en un ciclo menstrual. Su aplicabilidad clínica como método para regular la fertilidad ha sido ampliamente documentada. Los MNMRF permiten, a su vez, evaluar el funcionamiento endocrino gonadal de la usuaria. Objetivos: El objetivo principal fue determinar la efectividad clínica para espaciar los embarazos de los MNMRF en un programa aplicado en la comuna de San Bernardo. El objetivo secundario fue describir las características socio demográficas de las usuarias de los MNMRF. Método: Estudio de cohorte prospectivo. La intervención consistió en la instrucción modular de un método mucotérmico. Resultados: Se reportan los resultados de todas las pacientes consecutivas ingresadas al programa entre el 1° de enero de 1996 hasta el 31 de diciembre de 2003 que hayan finalizado la instrucción. Contactaron el programa 600 pacientes, de las que 389 (64,8%) comenzaron efectivamente el proceso de instrucción completándolo a la fecha de cierre de este análisis el 67,6% de ellas (263/389). La efectividad clínica, calculada con tabla de sobrevida, fue de 94,3% (IC: 86,8-97,6). Conclusiones: El método natural enseñado es altamente efectivo para espaciar o limitar los nacimiento