Randomized controlled trial of Hepatitis B virus vaccine in HIV-1-infected patients comparing two different doses

BACKGROUND: Co-infection with hepatitis B virus (HBV) and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is not infrequent as both share same route of exposure. The risk of developing chronic hepatitis B virus is 6%, in general population but can reach 10–20% in HBV/HIV co-infected patients. When compared to general population, the response rate to HBV vaccine in HIV-infected patients is diminished, so previous studies have tried to improve this response using variety of schedules, doses and co-administration of immunomodulators. The purpose of this study was to evaluate two doses of recombinant HBV vaccine (10 or 40 μg), IM at 0, 1 and 6 months. Vaccination response was measured 30–50 days after last dose; titers of >9.9 IU/L were considered positive. RESULTS: Seventy-nine patients were included, 48 patients (60.7%) serconverted. Thirty-nine patients (49.3%) received 10 μg vaccine dose, 24 patients (61.5%) seroconverted. Forty patients (50.7%) received 40 μg vaccine dose, 24 (60%) seroconverted. There were no differences between two doses. A statistically significant higher seroconversion rate was found for patients with CD4 cell counts at vaccination ≥ 200 cel/mm3 (33 of 38 patients, 86.8%), compared with those with CD4 < 200 cel/mm3 (15 of 41, 36.6%), [OR 11.44, 95% IC 3.67–35.59, p = 0.003], there were no differences between two vaccine doses. Using the logistic regression model, CD(4 )count <200 cel/mm(3 )were significantly associated with non serologic response (p = 0.003). None other variables such as gender, age, risk exposure for HIV, viral load, type or duration of HAART or AIDS-defining illness, were asociated with seroconversion. CONCLUSION: In this study, an increase dose of HBV vaccine did not show to increase the rate of response in HIV infected subjects. The only significant findings associated to the response rate was that a CD4 count ≥ 200 cel/mm(3), we suggest this threshold at which HIV patients should be vaccinated

Multidrug resistance E-ESKAPE strains isolated from blood cultures in patients with cancer

Objective. To describe the trend of multidrug resistant (MDR) strains isolated from blood in patients with cancer from 2005 to 2015. Materials and methods. 33 127 blood cultures were processed by retrospective analysis. Identification and antimicrobial sensitivity were performed through automated methods: WaLK away (Siemens Labora- tory Diagnostics) and BD Phoenix (Becton, Dickinson and Company). Resistant strains were determined according to the minimum inhibitory concentration, following the parame- ters of the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI). Results. Of 6 397 isolates, 5 604 (16.9%) were positive; 3 732 (58.4%) Gram- bacilli; 2 355 (36.9%) Gram+ cocci; 179 (2.7%) yeasts, and 126 (1.9%) Gram+ bacilli. Escherichia coli (n=1 591, 24.5%) was the most frequent bacteria, with 652 (41%) strains being extended-spectrum beta-lactamases producers (ESBL); of Enterococcus faecium (n=143, 2.1%), 45 (31.5%) were vancomycin resistant; of Staphylococcus aureus (n=571, 8.7%), 121 (21.2%) methicillin resistant (MRSA); of Klebsiella pneumoniae (n=367, 5.6%), 41 (11.2%) ESBL; of Acinetobacter baumanii (n=96, 1.4%), 23 (24%) MDR, and of Pseudomonas aeruginosa (n=384, 5.6%), 43 (11.2%) MDR. MDR strains were significantly more frequent in patients with hematological malignancies, compared to those with solid tumors: MRSA (OR=4.48, 95%CI 2.9-6.8), ESBL E. coli (OR=1.3, 95%CI 1.10-1.65) and MDR Acinetobacter baumanii (OR=3.2, 95%CI 1.2-8.3).Conclusions. We observed significantly higher isolations of E-ESPAKE MDR strains in patients with hematological malignancies

Resistencia bacteriana de cultivos de orina en un hospital oncológico:seguimiento a diez años

Objetivo. Describir los patrones de resistencia bacteriana en cultivos de orina de pacientes de un hospital oncológico en la Ciudad de México, de 2004 a 2013. Material y métodos. Se obtuvo el porcentaje de susceptibilidad para diferentes antibióticos, describiendo por separado las bacterias multidrogorresistentes (MDR). Se analizaron por separado las cepas obtenidas de pacientes hospitalizados de las de la comunidad. Resultados. Se realizaron 51 202 cultivos, de los cuales se identificaron 14 480 bacterias (28.3%). De éstas, se reportaron 11 427 Gram negativos (78.9%); 2 080 Gram positivos (14.4%); y 973 (6.6%) levaduras. Escherichia coli fue el principal microorganismo aislado (56.1%); 24% de las cepas de la comunidad y 66% de las nosocomiales fueron productoras de beta-lactamasas de espectro extendido (BLEE). Klebsiella pneumoniae se identificó en 705 cultivos (4.8%), 115 de los cuales fueron BLEE (16%): 13.1% de la comunidad y 29.8% nosocomiales. Pseudomonas aeruginosa se identificó en 593 cultivos (4.1%): 9% de la comunidad y 51% nosocomiales. Conclusiones. Las cepas MDR son mucho más frecuentes en muestras de origen nosocomial. Es prioritario intensificar el uso racional de antibióticos en la comunidad y el programa de desescalamiento de antimicrobianos en el hospital.   DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.21149/spm.v58i4.802

Bloodstream infections in cancer patients. Risk factors associated with mortality

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical characteristics and risk factors associated with mortality in cancer patients with bloodstream infections (BSI), analyzing multidrug resistant bacteria (MDR). Methods: We conducted a prospective observational study at a cancer referral center from August 2016 to July 2017, which included all BSI. Results: 4220 patients were tested with blood cultures; 496 were included. Mean age was 48 years. In 299 patients with solid tumors, secondary BSI and Central Line-Associated BSI (CLABSI) were the most common (55.9% and 31.8%, respectively). In 197 hematologic patients, primary and mucosal barrier injury (MBI) BSI were the main type (38.6%). Gram-negative were the most frequent bacteria (72.8%), with Escherichia coli occupying the first place (n = 210, 42.3%), 48% were Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase (ESBL) producers, and 1.8% were resistant to carbapenems. Mortality at day 30, was 22%, but reached 70% when patients did not receive an appropriate antimicrobial treatment. Multivariate analysis showed that progression or relapse of the oncologic disease, inappropriate antimicrobial treatment, and having resistant bacteria were independently associated with 30-day mortality. Conclusions: Emergence of MDR bacteria is an important healthcare problem worldwide. Patients with BSI, particularly those patients with MDR bacteria have a higher mortality risk

Demand for care and nosocomial infection rate during the first influenza AH1N1 2009 virus outbreak at a referral hospital in Mexico City Demanda asistencial y tasa de infección nosocomial durante el primer brote de influenza AH1N1 2009 en un hospital de referencia en la Ciudad de México

OBJECTIVE: Comparison of routine hospital indicators (consults at the Emergency Room (ER) and hospital admissions) during the 2009 pandemic of the influenza AH1N1 virus at the national referral hospital for respiratory diseases in Mexico City. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The outbreak was from April to mid-May 2009 and two control periods were used:2009 (before and after the outbreak),and during April-May from 2007 and 2008. RESULTS: During the outbreak total consultation at the ER increased six times compared with the 2007-2008 control period and 11 times compared with the 2009 control period. Pneumonia- or influenza-related ER consultations increased 23.2 and 15.3%, respectively. The rate of nosocomial infection during the outbreak was 13.6 and that of nosocomial pneumonia was 6 per/100 hospital discharges, a two-fold and three-fold increase compared to the control periods respectively. CONCLUSIONS: During the outbreak,mean severity of admitted patients increased,with a rise in in-hospital mortality and nosocomial infections rate, including nosocomial pneumonia.OBJETIVO: Comparación de indicadores hospitalarios de rutina (consultas de urgencia, admisiones hospitalarias etc.) durante la pandemia de influenzaAH1N1 2009 en un hospital de referencia para enfermedades respiratorias de la Ciudad de México. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: El brote se consideró de abril a la mitad de mayo de 2009 y se comparó con dos periodos control: el de 2009 (antes y después del brote), y durante abril y mayo de 2007 y 2008. RESULTADOS: Durante el brote las consultas de urgencia crecieron seis veces comparadas con el periodo control 2007-2008 y 11 veces contra el periodo control de 2009. Las consultas por neumonía o influenza incrementaron 23.2 y 15.3% comparadas contra los periodos control, respectivamente. La tasa de infección nosocomial durante el brote fue de 13.6 y la de neumonía nosocomial de 6.0 por 100 egresos hospitalarios, el doble y el triple de la documentada en los periodos control respectivamente. CONCLUSIONES: Durante el brote, la gravedad promedio de los pacientes hospitalizados se incrementó, desencadenando un aumento en la mortalidad hospitalaria y en la tasa de infecciones nosocomiales, incluyendo la de neumonía nosocomial

Streptococcus pneumoniae: distribution of serotypes and antimicrobial susceptibility in patients with cancer

Objective. To describe the distribution of pneumococ­cal serotypes causing infectious diseases in patients with hematological malignancies and solid tumors and their antimicrobial susceptibility before and after introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV7) in Mexico. Mate­rials and methods. Consecutive pneumococcal isolates from hospitalized patients from the SIREVA-network were serotyped using the Quellung reaction and antimicrobial susceptibility was performed using the broth microdilution method. Results. A total of 175 pneumococcal isolates were recovered, 105 from patients with hematological malignan­cies and 70 with solid tumors. Serotypes 19A (22.7%), 19F (20.4%), and 35B (17.7%) were the most frequent isolates in the first group and serotypes 3 (27.2%) and 19A (28.6%) in the second group. No decreased susceptibility to beta-lactams or TMP/SMX was observed after introduction of PCV7. Conclusions. An increase in non-vaccine types is observed without significate changes in antimicrobial susceptibility after introduction of PCV7