The Dark Side of the Self-Determination Theory and Its Influence on the Emotional and Cognitive Processes of Students in Physical Education

Amongst the main objectives of physical education (PE) classes is the consolidation of healthy lifestyle habits in young people and adolescents. Nonetheless, these classes can also provide the basis from which adverse experiences are generated which affect students’ perceptions of these classes. Previously conducted studies have focused on motivational processes and not on emotional processes, nor on the way in which students learn. The objective of the present study was to explore the dark side of the self-determination theory, its influence on emotional intelligence and the meta-cognitive strategies of students. Methodology: A total of 1602 young people undertaking secondary education participated, with self-reported ages between 13 and 19 years. The following questionnaires were utilized: Controlling Coach Behaviors Scale, Frustration of Psychological Needs in PE classes Scale, Emotional Intelligence in PE Scale and Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire. A structural equation model was developed which explained causal associations between the study variables. Results: Psychological control positively predicted each one of the sub-factors of frustration of psychological needs. Frustration of psychological needs negatively predicted emotional intelligence. Finally, emotional intelligence positively predicted meta-cognitive thinking. Conclusions: The influence and importance of the teaching style adopted by teachers is indicated, in addition to the effect of students’ psychological experiences on emotions and learning strategie

Blocking of flavor-nausea learning by non-flavor cues: assessment through orofacial reactivity responses

We investigated, using orofacial reactivity assessment, whether nonflavor context cues can elicit conditioned aversive reactions, and also whether context cues interfere, through blocking, with the reduction in taste palatability during taste aversion conditioning. Experiment 1 showed that a context previously paired with LiCl evoked aversive orofacial reactions, and also attenuated the reduction in palatability of a saccharin solution which was paired with LiCl in that context. In Experiment 2, this blocking effect was abolished when the rats were given nonreinforced exposure to the previously LiCl-paired context (context extinction) before aversive conditioning of the saccharin in compound with the context. These results confirm that context stimuli can elicit conditioned aversive reactions in the absence of any flavor component, and demonstrate that context cues can interfere with the affective aspects of taste aversion learning. Thus nonflavor cues appear to engage the same processes as taste cues in aversion learning. These results are consistent with the idea that taste aversion learning is governed by general associative mechanisms and the special properties of nausea, rather than by a selective mechanism for poison-avoidance

Enfermedad periodontal en pacientes adolescentes con síndrome de Down. Presentación de caso

ResumenEl síndrome de Down o trisomía 21 es la alteración genética más frecuente en el ser humano; uno de cada 600-700 recién nacidos vivos es afectado por este síndrome. Éste se caracteriza por la presencia de un cromosoma adicional en el par 21, el cual provoca disminución generalizada en el crecimiento y discapacidad intelectual. Diversas manifestaciones craneofaciales y bucales han sido descritas en la literatura. El principal padecimiento bucal reportado en este grupo de pacientes es la enfermedad periodontal.ObjetivoEstablecer cuidados bucales preventivos en el desarrollo de la enfermedad periodontal en pacientes adolescentes con síndrome de Down.Presentación del casoPaciente indígena masculino de 15 años de edad con trisomía 21, bilingüe. Presenta cardiopatía congénita, hipertensión pulmonar y síndrome nefrótico, así como erupción ectópica y ausencias congénitas dentales, oclusión clase III de Angle, mordida cruzada unilateral anterior y posterior, respiración bucal, eversión labial, lengua y labios fisurados, clinodactilia y gingivitis localizada. El manejo de conducta se llevó a cabo a través de la técnica «decir-mostrar-hacer» y control de voz. El tratamiento inicial consistió en técnica de cepillado de barrido asistido por los padres, uso del hilo dental, CPDB (Dento Bacterial Plaque Control) (100%) y aplicación tópica de barniz de fluoruro. Se recomendó a los padres la aplicación en el hogar de un gel bioadhesivo (Perioxidin®) para la rehabilitación oral.ConclusionesEl aspecto más relevante fue la disminución de la cantidad de placa dentobacteriana reportada en controles posteriores (40%).AbstractDown’s syndrome or trisomy 21 is man’s most frequent genetic disorder. It affects one out of 600-700 live births. It is characterized by the presence of an additional chromosome at the 21 pair which elicits generalized decrease of growth as well as intellectual disability. In scientific literature there are many reports of craniofacial and oral manifestations of this disorder. Chief oral condition reported in this group of patients is periodontal disease.ObjectiveEstablishment of preventive oral care for the development of periodontal disease in adolescent patients afflicted with Down’s syndrome.Case presentation15 year old Mexican-Indian male patient with trisomy 21. The patient was bilingual, afflicted with congenital heart disease, pulmonary hypertension and nephrotic syndrome. The patient equally presented ectopic dental eruption as well as congenital dental absences, Angle’s class III occlusion, anterior and posterior unilateral crossbite, oral respiration, labial eversion, fissured tongue and lips, clinodactyly and localized gingivitis. Behavior management was achieved with the «show-tell-do» technique alongside with voice control. Initial treatment consisted on sweeping brushing technique with parental assistance, use of dental floss (Dento Bacterial Plaque Control [DBPC]) (100%) as well as topical application of fluoride varnish. It was recommended to the parents they should use home applications of bioadhesive gel (Perioxidin®). After these measures, oral rehabilitation was undertaken.ConclusionsThe most relevant aspect of the treatment was the decrease (40%) in bacterial plaque reported in later control visits

The Principles of Gold-Catalyzed Molecular Gymnastics

L'or(I) dirigeix el contorsionisme molecular mitjançant reaccions intramoleculars i intermoleculars d'enins per mitjà d'intermedis ciclopropil o carbens altament distorsionats. La síntesi de productes naturals com (+)-orienalol F i (-)-englerin A mostra l'estat d'art de la catàlisi de l'or(I) per a construir complexitat molecular.Gold(I) orchestrates molecular gymnastics by intraand intermolecular reaction of enymes via highly distorted cyclopropyl gold carbenes as intermediates. The synthesis of natural products such as (+)-orientalol F and (−)-englerin A illustrates the state of the art of gold (I) catalysis for the buildup of molecular complexity

Effect of hypoxia on lung gene expression and proteomic profile: insights into the pulmonary surfactant response

Exposure of lung to hypoxia has been previously reported to be associated with significant alterations in the protein content of bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and lung tissue. In the present work we have used a proteomic approach to describe the changes in protein complement induced by moderate long-term hypoxia (rats exposed to 10% O2 for 72h) in BAL and lung tissue, with a special focus on the proteins associated with pulmonary surfactant, which could indicate adaptation of this system to limited oxygen availability. The analysis of the general proteomic profile indicates a hypoxia-induced increase in proteins associated with inflammation both in lavage and lung tissue. Analysis at mRNA and protein levels revealed no significant changes induced by hypoxia on the content in surfactant proteins or their apparent oligomeric state. In contrast, we detected a hypoxia-induced significant increase in the expression and accumulation of hemoglobin in lung tissue, at both mRNA and protein levels, as well as an accumulation of hemoglobin both in BAL and associated with surface-active membranes of the pulmonary surfactant complex. Evaluation of pulmonary surfactant surface activity from hypoxic rats showed no alterations in its spreading ability, ruling out inhibition by increased levels of serum or inflammatory proteins.Ministerio de Ciencia BIO2012-30733Ministerio de Ciencia CSD2007-00010Gobierno de la Comunidad de Madrid S2009MAT-1507National Institutes of Health NIH HL3478

Three-dimensional characterisation of sedimentary heterogeneity and its impact on subsurface flow behaviour through the braided-to-meandering fluvial deposits of the Castissent Formation (late Ypresian, Tremp-Graus Basin, Spain)

Fluvial deposits of the Castissent Formation (late Ypresian) form part of the Eocene infill of the Tremp-Graus piggyback basin. The Castissent Formation has been subdivided into three complexes (A, B, and C). This project focuses on the proximal fluvial-sandstones of Complex A in the Mas de Faro outcrop (NE Iberian Peninsula). There, three amalgamated channel belts are exposed in a 15-24m thick succession that passes upwards from sandy braided-river deposits (A1-A2) to coarse-grained meandering-river deposits (A3). Sedimentary heterogeneities within these deposits are characterised and their impact on oil recovery in a reservoir analogue are estimated using field descriptions, virtual outcrop interpretation, a 3D geocellular facies model and fluid-flow simulations. Petrophysical values of different facies types were derived from well data through analogous fluvial deposits of the Eiriksson Formation, in the Norwegian North Sea. Facies analysis show a waning succession of gravel channel lags, unit-bar and dune deposits in A1; a basal mud-clast channel lag, unit-bars and dune deposits in A2, and a coarse-grained point-bar succession in A3. Flow simulation shows: a) fingering of the waterfront related to the gravel channel lag and unit-bars of A1 and A2, and the gravel bars, scour-and-fill deposits and dunes of A3, which act as thief zones hindering efficient sweeping of the intervals immediately above; b) segregation of the injected fluids towards the base of the channel belts due to the fining-upwards successions; and c) vertical compartmentalization due to a relatively impermeable barrier at mud-clast channel lag beds. Permeability contrasts trapped 35% of the original oil in place after 0.5-0.6 pore volumes were injected

Melanin-Concentrating Hormone (MCH): Role in REM Sleep and Depression.

The melanin-concentrating hormone (MCH) is a peptidergic neuromodulator synthesized by neurons of the lateral sector of the posterior hypothalamus and zona incerta. MCHergic neurons project throughout the central nervous system, including areas such as the dorsal (DR) and median (MR) raphe nuclei, which are involved in the control of sleep and mood. Major Depression (MD) is a prevalent psychiatric disease diagnosed on the basis of symptomatic criteria such as sadness or melancholia, guilt, irritability, and anhedonia. A short REM sleep latency (i.e., the interval between sleep onset and the first REM sleep period), as well as an increase in the duration of REM sleep and the density of rapid-eye movements during this state, are considered important biological markers of depression. The fact that the greatest firing rate of MCHergic neurons occurs during REM sleep and that optogenetic stimulation of these neurons induces sleep, tends to indicate that MCH plays a critical role in the generation and maintenance of sleep, especially REM sleep. In addition, the acute microinjection of MCH into the DR promotes REM sleep, while immunoneutralization of this peptide within the DR decreases the time spent in this state. Moreover, microinjections of MCH into either the DR or MR promote a depressive-like behavior. In the DR, this effect is prevented by the systemic administration of antidepressant drugs (either fluoxetine or nortriptyline) and blocked by the intra-DR microinjection of a specific MCH receptor antagonist. Using electrophysiological and microdialysis techniques we demonstrated also that MCH decreases the activity of serotonergic DR neurons. Therefore, there are substantive experimental data suggesting that the MCHergic system plays a role in the control of REM sleep and, in addition, in the pathophysiology of depression. Consequently, in the present report, we summarize and evaluate the current data and hypotheses related to the role of MCH in REM sleep and MD

Veinte años de producción científica en psicología en la Universidad Católica de Colombia: análisis bibliométrico de la investigación publicada (1983 - 2002)

Se presenta un detallado análisis bibliométrico de los artículos producto de la actividad científica de la Facultad de Psicología de la Universidad Católica de Colombia publicados desde 1983 hasta el 2002. Se revisaron las tres principales bases de datos Psicodoc, PsycInfo, PsycLit, además de una revisión directa en revistas de Psicología y Ciencias afines. A partir de los artículos encontrados se construyó una base de datos, que incluía autor o autores, otras instituciones con quien se publicó, áreas de investigación, lugar de publicación, tipo de publicación, modalidad y fuente donde fue encontrado. En resumen se encontró lo siguiente: setenta y dos artículos en catorce revistas, nueve de ellas internacionales y cinco nacionales, de las cuales en aproximadamente once de las catorce, es decir, el 78.57% se encuentra incluida en alguna base de datos o índice internacional, sin embargo un 79.16% de los artículos encontrados se encuentran concentrados en revistas nacionales, y solo el 20.83% en las internacionales. Un 43% de los artículos fueron escritos por mas de un autor lo que muestra una importante producción en grupo y el 57 % es producto de actividad individual y por autores que no repitieron, es importante también reseñar que algunos autores jalonan la producción general, es así como cinco autores concentran el 35 % del total el 65% restante escribió entre uno y dos artículos el área de mayor trabajo es la clínica seguida por la básica y la educativa y el 71 % de la misma se concentra en los últimos cinco años y aquí es claro el papel tan relevante que ha tenido la publicación de la revista en la producción de artículos el 51 % se han publicado en Acta Colombiana De Psicología.A detailed bibliometric analysis is presented of the articles product of the scientific activity of the Psychology Department at the Catholic University between 1983 to 2002. In this order the Psicodoc, PsycInfo, PsycLit databases were revised, besides other psychological and related science journals. The collected data included for each article: author (s), other institution that supported, year, place, type of publication, modality and source where was found. The results showed: The production of 72 published articles in 14 journal (nine international and five Colombian), of which in approximately eleven of the fourteen, that is to say, the 78.6% is found included in data base or international index, nevertheless 79% of the articles found are concentrated in colombian journals, and 20.83% in the international journals. 43% of the articles were written by but of an author what shows an important production in group and 57% is individual product of activity and by authors that did not repeat. Is important also show that some authors mark the general production, is as well as five authors concentrate 35% of the total. 65% remainder wrote between one and two articles. Finally, the most production areas, in order, were clinical, basic and educative. and 71% of the same one concentrates on the last five years and here is clear the so prominent role that has had the publication of the magazine in the production of articles 51% have been published in Acta Colombiana de Psicología

Uprolides N, O and P from the Panamanian Octocoral Eunicea succinea.

Three new diterpenes, uprolide N (1), uprolide O (2), uprolide P (3) and a known one, dolabellane (4), were isolated from the CH₂Cl₂-MeOH extract of the gorgonian octocoral Eunicea succinea, collected from Bocas del Toro, on the Caribbean coast of Panama. Their structures were determined using spectroscopic analyses, including 1D and 2D NMR and high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRMS) together with molecular modeling studies. Compounds 1-3 displayed anti-inflammatory properties by inhibiting production of Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) and Interleukin (IL)-6 induced by lipopolysaccharide (LPS) in murine macrophages

Functional brain networks underlying latent inhibition of conditioned disgust in rats

The present experiment examined the neuronal networks involved in the latent inhibition of conditioned disgust by measuring brain oxidative metabolism. Rats were given nonreinforced intraoral (IO) exposure to saccharin (exposed groups) or water (non-exposed groups) followed by a conditioning trial in which the animals received an infusion of saccharin paired (or unpaired) with LiCl. On testing, taste reactivity responses displayed by the rats during the infusion of the saccharin were examined. Behavioral data showed that preexposure to saccharin attenuated the development of LiCl-induced conditioned disgust reactions, indicating that the effects of taste aversion on hedonic taste reactivity had been reduced. With respect to cumulative oxidative metabolic activity across the whole study period, the parabrachial nucleus was the only single region examined which showed differential activity between groups which received saccharin-LiCl pairings with and without prior non-reinforced saccharin exposure, suggesting a key role in the effects of latent inhibition of taste aversion learning. In addition, many functional connections between brain regions were revealed through correlational analysis of metabolic activity, in particular an accumbens-amygdala interaction that may be involved in both positive and negative hedonic responses