A New Challenge to \u3cem\u3eMiranda\u3c/em\u3e: Evaluating the Effectiveness of Mid-Interrogation \u3cem\u3eMiranda\u3c/em\u3e Warnings and the Admissibility of Subsequent Confessions: \u3cem\u3eMissouri v. Siebert\u3c/em\u3e

The Supreme Court held that, in a continual custodial interrogation, when Miranda warnings are given after a suspect has confessed they do not effectively protect the privilege against self-incrimination and that any subsequent confessions made should be suppressed. Missouri v. Seibert, 124 S. Ct. 2601 (2004)

A Content Analysis of Salvia Divinorum Use on YouTube

While peer groups remain the primary place where learning about drugs takes place, recently, researchers have recognized that channels of mass communication (e.g. movies, television, the Internet) may also play an important role in the learning process. For the last several decades, studies have demonstrated that there is a positive relationship between mass media use and drug use. The purpose of this study is to examine the use of a new recreational drug, Salvia divinorum, on YouTube. Salvia divinorum is a naturally occurring hallucinogenic drug from the mint family indigenous to Mexico and Central and South America. When smoked, the drug produces a short intense hallucinogenic high. The findings of this study show that majority of users who placed videos of themselves using Salvia on YouTube, were white males who used the drug in a group setting. After using the drug, most users experience a brief “expansive trip” in which users were often seen laughing and enjoying themselves. However, videos that portrayed users having a negative or constrictive experience on Salvia were much more popular among viewers. Social learning theory and diffusion of innovations theory are used as theoretical frameworks that may allow a better understanding of the recent rise in popularity of Salvia divinorum use on the Internet

Application of Fuzzy logic for the analysis of the pandemic (COVID-19), if there was no social isolation

At the end of 2019 a respiratory syndrome hit the population of China. Studies have found that this contamination was caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. By 2020, the coronavirus contamination spread around the world, generating a pandemic that has impacted the health of millions of people. Looking for methods to understand the spread of the pandemic is fundamental to define prevention and containment measures, the use of computer software provide a view of the evolution of contamination.  Fuzzy logic is a logical technique based on Fuzzy set theory and, using this theory, it is possible to deal with uncertainties, approximate reasoning, vague and ambiguous terms, which classical logic does not allow. In order to model the system, you must define the input and output variables, write the rule sets and insert the pertinence functions with the graph type to be used. For this work, the modeling was performed having two variables in the input and each variable presented three pertinence functions, and one output variable that also had three pertinence functions and nine rules. The results obtained were coherent and demonstrated graphically what would happen to a susceptible group if they were exposed without any form of isolation or protection

Emissions simulation by coupling chemical equilibrium and reduced kinetics for gasoline/ethanol mixture in IC engines / Simulação de emissões acoplando equilíbrio químico e cinética reduzida para mistura de gasolina / etanol em motores CI

The analysis of the combustion engine is one on which fails the thermodynamic equilibrium hypotheses since the variables and the system constants are fast changing with time therefore you need a special treatment for this situation. The chemical equilibrium thermodynamics indicates start and end of the process but doesn't reveal the time that the phenomenon occurs. The chemical kinetics has information on the time. The methodology of chemical equilibrium calculations was based on mass balances and equilibrium relations generating a nonlinear system with twenty-two incognita and twenty-two algebraic equations. To solve the nonlinear system, it was chosen an iterative method by Newton-Raphson associated with a new methodology for the determination of the initial estimative of the system avoiding the non-convergence of the system. It was possible to calculate the concentrations of twenty-one chemical species generated in the combustion of various fuels. It was made a comparison between the results from other softwares, finding compatible results for concentrations of emissions generated. After the validation of the chemical equilibrium routine, it was developed the chemical kinetics routine with six chemical equations for the prediction of species concentrations (NO and CO). A simulation of an IC engine was developed using the coupling of the methodology of chemical equilibrium and kinetics. In the engine simulation model developed, as the crank angle increases, it was done the integration of species chemical compositions with coupling chemical equilibrium and kinetics by derivatives addition.  The resulting non-linear system with twenty-one differential equations was integrated by a fourth order Runge-Kutta method.  Made some experiments on a Flex-Fuel engine with mixtures gasoline/ethanol: E25 (25% anhydrous ethanol), H30 (30% hydrous ethanol), H50 (50% hydrous ethanol), H80 (80% hydrous ethanol) and H100 (100% hydrous ethanol). The results obtained in the computer simulation of the engine were compatible with these experimental data

Use of Fuzzy Logic to demonstrate possibility of health system collapse due to Coronavirus Pandemic / Uso da Lógica Fuzzy para demonstrar a possibilidade de colapso do sistema de saúde devido à pandemia de coronavírus

Introduction: At the end of 2019, contamination caused by an unknown virus affected the population of Wuhan, China. The virus, known as SARS-CoV-2, was found to cause flu-like symptoms, such as fever, cough, among others. Objective: using the fuzzy logic method graphically demonstrated the Risk of Collapse of the Health System, with the availability of beds /equipment to increase the number of infected, from the Sars-CoV-2 pandemic. Methods: Modeled a fuzzy system with a Mamdani model, later defined the physical variables of entry (Number of infected people and number of beds/equipment available) and output (Risk of collapse of the health system), then inserted the nine rules and the pertinence functions in the trapezoidal and triangular type graph, generating from this information a three-dimensional graph with the results. Results: From the three-dimensional graph, it can be seen that the results were consistent and demonstrate that countries must prevent the number of infected people from increasing, because when this situation occurs, the risk of collapse of the health system is high due to the unavailability of beds /equipment, in addition, this modeling of fuzzy logic along with the generated three-dimensional graph can be used to demonstrate a health crisis in countries. Conclusion: Concluded that the fuzzy logic technique allows many realistic predictions of possible crises and collapses of the health system, but to obtain good results in it, having the knowledge of what is expected will generate the necessary notion to make the insertion of information accurately in the software

The moderating role of psychopathic traits in the relationship between period of confinement and criminal social identity in a sample of juvenile prisoners

Purpose: The main aim of the current study was to examine how primary psychopathy may interact with period of confinement to predict Criminal Social Identity (CSI) scores, while controlling for covariates. Methods: The Measure of Criminal Social Identity, Levenson Self-report Psychopathy Scale, and the Measure of Criminal Attitudes and Associates were administered to 126 male juvenile offenders incarcerated in prisons in Khyber Pakhtunkhwa. Results: Results indicated no significant direct relationship between period of confinement and CSI scores. However, as expected, a significant moderating effect of primary psychopathy on the association between period of confinement and CSI scores was observed while controlling for covariates. Specifically, the significant effect of period of confinement on CSI was observed only for those participants who scored higher (1 SD above the mean) on primary psychopathy (affective and interpersonal features). Conclusion: For incarcerated juveniles with greater primary psychopathic traits, the formation and/or intensification of CSI may be an adaptive response to incarceration

Analise de Sistemas de Multiplexacao porSubportadora

Os sistemas de multiplexação por subportadora óptica, ou SubCarrier Multiplexing - SCM, estão surgindo como uma excelente alternativa para viabilizar a utilização de altas taxas de transmissão e melhor explorar a banda de transmissão das fibras ópticas. Com utilização de tecnologias elétricas e ópticas combinadas este sistema também pode diminuir o custo da transmissão de sinais digitais em alta velocidade. Uma das vantagens de sistemas SCM é a sua alta tolerância aos efeitos da dispersão cromática da fibra óptica devido principalmente ao espaçamento entre as subportadoras quando comparado aos sistemas de multiplexação por comprimento de onda. Este trabalho propõe um estudo sistêmico desta nova técnica de multiplexação através da análise da abertura do diagrama de olho. São analisadas a influência da dispersão e da não linearidade dos componentes do sistema e sua eficiência espectral

The contamination of personal space:boundary construction in a prison environment

In this paper, inmates in dormitories in a prison in New Mexico, USA, talk about their everyday lives. We are particularly interested in the ways in which they think about space. Their principal concern appears to be the definition of personal space in an environment where boundaries are weak. The paper focuses on anxieties about contamination which serve to define real and imaginary spaces within the prison. Interpersonal relationships figure more in inmates' observations than does the disciplinary regime and the material environment of the prison. We argue that this has important implications for understanding space-power relations in institutional settings