For the sake of the child: The economisation of reproduction in the Zika public health emergency

Feminist work on population governance has tracked its racial dynamics, its varied attempts to expunge the poor from the future, and its violent wresting of control over reproduction away from women. Attention has recently turned to “economised” understandings of possible and proto‐life that take the aggregate reproductivity of certain groups of women and girls as a means of shaping economic futures, which emerged as the dominant form of population governance during the Cold War. Underexplored in this incisive body of work, however, is the relationship between the reproductive body and social reproduction. This paper advances feminist work on adjudications of life worth in government policy and scientific expertise, and critical political economic work on global health governance, by exploring experiments in family planning. I do this through a discussion of the Zika virus, the recent re‐emergence of which was framed as an economic problem: experts “priced” a single case of microcephaly at US$10 million or more across a lifetime. Specifically, I examine a programme of contraceptive provision to women in Puerto Rico as part of the public health emergency, which I show to have possible eugenic effects. I argue that in the global politics of public and reproductive health, relatively new neoliberal health metrics have joined up with eugenicist impulses to value life according to future economic contributions. Such valuations of life focalise the reproductive body while abandoning the social reproductive body. The relationship between reproductive labour and social reproduction warrants further scrutiny, for as we careen through uncertain ecological futures, and as discourses about limited Earth for humans amid environmental crisis and limited funding for future children thicken, the reproductivity of certain women and girls is being tinkered with by experts, governments, and private institutions in new ways

Thresholds of Empire: Women, Biosecurity, and the Zika Chemical Vector Program in Puerto Rico

The recent emergence of a new strand of the Zika virus evinces the global entwinement of viral, human, and animal ecologies on a dynamic planet. Capable of shaping physiological development in utero and transmittable by both mosquitoes and sex, Zika ignited fears about the plasticity of the human form in the face of infectious disease, the permeability of nation-state borders to infectious disease, and the lifetime health care costs of infectious disease. In the United States, these fears were mapped onto the “unincorporated territory” of Puerto Rico, where one fifth of the population was predicted to contract the virus. This article examines U.S. government chemical intervention in Puerto Rico, which I argue was underpinned by a contradictory mapping of the island as inside the United States in terms of risk and outside the United States in terms of rights. Puerto Rican women were spatialized as the threshold between the agency of the virus and the future of the U.S. population. When they were perceived to fail in properly managing their bodies and homes, aerial chemical fumigation was threatened in an aggressive display of U.S. sovereign power. This article offers careful and critical geographic analysis of how imperial state power is extended in the name of health and how women in different places are made into biosecurity objects. It also notes a broader destructive logic that positions the reproductive capacities of poor women outside of Northern states as the pivot between an increasingly unruly nonhuman world and the future. Key Words: biosecurity, chemical geographies, empire (Puerto Rico), gender, Zika. 最近出现的一种新型寨卡病毒表明, 在我们这个不断变化的星球上, 病毒、人类和动物生态系统存在着覆盖全球、盘根错节的密切关系。寨卡病毒威力凶猛, 既能在子宫内影响胎儿生理发育, 也可以通过蚊子和性途径传播。它的出现引发了人们对众多问题的担忧和焦虑, 比如人类在面对传染病时如何适应、病毒如何跨越国家边界进行渗透、传染病终身医疗的成本等等。波多黎各作为美国的 “海外属地”, 更是这种恐惧的缩影。该国感染这种病毒的人口预计达到总人口的五分之一。本文探讨了美国政府对波多黎各的疫情进行的化学方式干预, 我认为在它的背后体现了一个矛盾的现象：一方面, 波多黎各的风险就是美国的 “国内事”, 另一方面, 涉及到权利的时候又变成了 “国外事”。在美国人看来, 波多黎各女性的角色介于两者之间：病毒感染者和未来美国公民的母亲。当美国人感觉她们无法妥善照顾好自己的身体和家园, 就威胁进行空中化学熏蒸进行消毒, 咄咄逼人地展示其主权力量。本文以批判性笔触进行了一次详尽的地域分析, 探讨帝国主义国家如何以健康的名义扩展霸权, 如何将各地区的女性视为 “生物安全对象”。文中还指出一个范围更广的破坏性逻辑, 在这种逻辑下, 非发达国家贫困妇女的生育能力问题, 将成为一个关键点, 人类是继续这个日益失控和非人道的世界, 还是追求不同的未来。 关键词：生物安全、化学地理位置、帝国（波多黎各）、性别、塞卡病毒。 La reciente aparición de una nueva cepa del virus Zika pone de presente el entrelazamiento global de las ecologías virales, humanas y animales en un planeta dinámico. Al demostrar su capacidad de configurar el desarrollo fisiológico en el útero y ser transmisible tanto por mosquitos como en las relaciones sexuales, el Zika prendió las alarmas acerca de lo plástico de la forma humana frente a enfermedades contagiosas, la permeabilidad de las fronteras entre naciones y estados a la enfermedad infecciosa y el enorme costo de atención médica vitalicia que representan este tipo de enfermedades. Estas aprensiones fueron cartografiadas en los Estados Unidos en el “territorio no incorporado” de Puerto Rico, donde se predijo que un quinto de la población contraería el virus. Este artículo examina la intervención química del gobierno americano en Puerto Rico, de la cual arguyo fue basada en una cartografía contradictoria de la isla como si ésta estuviese ubicada dentro de los Estados Unidos en términos del riesgo, y al mismo tiempo fuera de los Estados Unidos en términos de derechos. Las mujeres portorriqueñas fuero espacializadas a manera de umbral entre la agencia del virus y el futuro de la población americana. Al ser ellas percibidas como un fracaso en el manejo apropiado de sus cuerpos y hogares, se amenazó con una fumigación química aérea en un despliegue agresivo del poder soberano de los EE.UU. Este artículo ofrece un cuidadoso análisis geográfico crítico sobre cómo el poder del estado imperial es expandido a nombre de la salud y cómo se convierte a las mujeres en diferentes lugares en objetos de bioseguridad. Se hace notar también una lógica destructiva de mayor alcance que posiciona las capacidades reproductivas de las mujeres pobres, fuera de los estados norteños, como el fiel entre un mundo cada día más desmandado e inhumano, y el futuro. Palabras clave: bioseguridad, geografías químicas, género, imperio (Puerto Rico), Zika

Once a Queen in Narnia: Susan and the Divine in C.S. Lewis’s \u3ci\u3eChronicles of Narnia\u3c/i\u3e

C.S. Lewis’s Chronicles of Narnia ends with the absence of one the main characters. Susan Pevensie is not included in the reunion at the end of The Last Battle. Other characters attribute her absence to exclusive interest in “nylons and lipstick and invitations.” There is a blank space in Susan’s story related to her absence from The Last Battle and in this space critics have inscribed a variety of meanings. Critics argued that Lewis found beauty and femininity to be suspiciously evil and that in order for a girl to succeed in Narnia she must reject them to become as good as a boy. Others have argued that Susan’s difficulty is not her femininity but her failure to mature in an optimal way. In this thesis, I argue that these reversals are intended to emphasize the primacy of the divine in Narnia. I show how Susan’s story illustrates Lewis’s sense of the necessity of purgatorial redemption, the way he saw that courtly love might lead a person to the divine, and the positive, although subordinate, role in the Chronicles for women and enchantment. The ending of The Lion, the Witch and the Wardrobe ensures that while Susan’s story is unresolved in the Chronicles, her return would be more consistent with the internal logic of the series than her absence. While her absence offers weight and sorrow to the otherwise joyful conclusion, Aslan’s blessing over the four children as they are crowned “Once a king or queen in Narnia, always a king or queen” (Lewis, The Complete Chronicles of Narnia 131) speaks of their return

Newspaper Clipping, c. 1911

Plan Observance of \u27Mother\u27s Day\u27: Many Ministers of Spokane Will Preach Special Sermons Next Sunday, White Flower Is Chosen, E. F. Edgerly of Young Men\u27s Christian Association Arranges Special Orchestra Concert, clipping of article from a newspaper in Spokane, Washington, c. 1911.https://digitalcommons.whitworth.edu/fathers-day-newspapersPre1924/1123/thumbnail.jp

Structured Multifaceted Cognitive Behaviorally Oriented Assessment and Treatment of Nonadherence to Medical Advice : a Case Study

The incidence of nonadherence to medical advice is estimated to be as high as 98%, with a typical range of 30% to 60%. This case study focused on the assessment and treatment of a patient suffering from uncontrolled essential hypertension, who was inconsistent in her adherence to the prescribed medical regimen and who demonstrated a significant health risk as a result. From baseline (pretreatment) to termination (followup), the patient attended a total of 9 sessions over a 12-week period. Assessment involved clinical interviews and an original self-administered instrument, the Health Behavior Profiling Questionnaire (HBPQ). The HBPQ was designed to assess the multitude of possible causes that contribute to nonadherence, especially directed to patients with chronic disease. The treatment plan was developed based on the identified problems and upon the unique circumstances and characteristics of the individual patient. Cognitive-behavioral techniques, combined with other indicated and empirically validated psychotherapeutic modalities, provided an effective treatment regimen. The patient increased her adherence and achieved a normal and stabilized blood pressure. Her mean blood pressure readings decreased 16.87% systolic and 19.78% diastolic from baseline to follow-up. The positive outcome in this case points to the potential efficacy of an individualized treatment package based on an individually administered assessment procedure. The assessment procedure utilized in this case study could potentially be utilized with any patient suffering from chronic illness where nonadherence with the medical regimen is either suspected or founded. Research regarding the reliability and validity of the HBPQ is required

Exploring the Drugs-Homicide Connection

Although research generally assumes a close relationship between drugs and violence, very little is known about the many different roles drugs can play in criminal events. Drug related as an event classification scheme is relatively common in homicide research, as well as other areas of inquiry, and is usually understood to be an important component in the causal processes of criminal events. Yet such classification schemes often suggest a simple, unidimensional construct. In reality, drug-related crimes are com-plex events. The purpose of this researchwas first to disaggregate the concept of drug-related homicide by providing an event classification scheme that conceptualizes the diverse roles drugs play in drug-related events.Acategorical coding scheme is presented that is similar to that proposed by Goldstein (1995) and later tested by Brownstein and colleagues (Brownstein & Goldstein, 1990; Brownstein, Baxi, Goldstein, & Ryan, 1992) that specifies three distinct types of homicide events. Included among these are (a) events that involved no evidence of illicit drugs associated with the homicide event, (b) those that involved the presence of drugs or drug use at the scene as well as events where either the victim and/or offender were buying or selling drugs (we term this peripherally drug-related homicides), and (c) events where the sale or use of drugswas the motivating feature of the homicide event. In some situations, there may be overlap between categories b and c; however, category c is distinct in that it includes features of motivation. The second purpose was to determine the relative importance of various situational and contextual characteristics of homicide events in understanding different types of drug-related events. Delineating these features will be an important step in filling in the gaps of knowledge about the assumed relationship between drugs and violence

The Paleolithic imagination:Nature, science, and race in Anthropocene fitness cultures

The widespread uptake of the Anthropocene concept over the past two decades has seen a concomitant rise in cultural forms that trade on nostalgia for Paleolithic life. Mud running, CrossFit, and the Paleo diet exemplify this trend, with the Paleolithic hunter-gatherer at the center of their popular prescriptions for healthy living. In this article, we identify these practices as embodying the anxieties of the Anthropocene as well as its historical and racial elisions. By focusing on the oblique and subtle racializations of Anthropocene health and fitness cultures, we contribute to understandings of the cultural significance of the human body in the Anthropocene and the relationship between the biopolitics of health and geological life, arguing that the body is a key site through which the tensions and inequalities of the Anthropocene are played out. And by unraveling how the Paleolithic imagination is rooted in a distinctly capitalist, Euro-American attitude to the body in nature, we show the Anthropocene to be defined by uneven distributions of health as self-optimization, and health as environmental risk. The Paleolithic imagination demonstrates the tangled politics of race, science, and nature in the twenty-first century, in which global ecological instability, the biopolitics of health, the shadows of colonialism, and consumer capitalism converge