The European trust crisis and the rise of populism

We study the implications of the Great Recession for voting for antiestablishment parties, as well as for general trust and political attitudes, using regional data across Europe. We find a strong relationship between increases in unemployment and voting for nonmainstream parties, especially populist ones. Moreover, unemployment increases in tandem with declining trust toward national and European political institutions, though we find only weak or no effects of unemployment on interpersonal trust. The correlation between unemployment and attitudes toward immigrants is muted, especially for their cultural impact. To explore causality, we extract the component of increases in unemployment explained by the precrisis structure of the economy, in particular the share of construction in regional value added, which is strongly related both to the buildup preceding and the bursting of the crisis. Our results imply that crisis- driven economic insecurity is a substantial determinant of populism and political distrust

Financial Flows and the International Monetary System

We review the findings of the literature on the benefits of international financial flows and find that they are quantitatively elusive. We then present evidence on the existence of a global cycle in gross cross-border flows, asset prices and leverage and discuss its impact on monetary policy autonomy across different exchange rate regimes. We focus in particular on the effect of US monetary policy shocks on the UK's financial conditions

Salt spray fog ageing of hybrid composite/metal rivet joints for automotive applications

The present experimental investigation aims to investigate the effect of salt-fog exposition on the mechanical behaviour of composite/metal riveted joints. To this aim, two kinds of joint were exposed to salt-fog environmental conditions according to ASTM B117 standard, for fifteen weeks. In particular, two composite laminates (i.e. glass fibre and carbon fibre/epoxy composites) were used as composite substrate joined with the metal substrate (i.e. aluminium alloy Al 6060). Single-lap shear tests were carried out in order to evaluate the evolution of the mechanical performances and the damage mechanisms of the riveted joints during the ageing exposition. The results evidence that the mechanical performances (i.e. maximum load and load-displacement slope) of the hybrid joints progressively decrease at increasing ageing time in the considered exposure time. Moreover, glass fibre/epoxy hybrid composite joint showed a higher sensitivity to degradation in salt-fog environmental condition than carbon fibre/epoxy one. As concerns the damage mechanisms, glass fibre/epoxy hybrid composite joint experienced catastrophic cleavage/net tension failure modes regardless the ageing time whereas the progressive bearing failure was the mechanism observed in carbon fibre/epoxy hybrid composite joint during the entire experimental campaign. Corrosion phenomena not significantly affected degradation performances of both joints

Electrical Properties of Silver Impurities and their Annealing Behaviour in p-Type Fz Silicon

The electrical activity of silver as well as its annealing properties in $10~\Omega$ cm p-type Fz silicon substrate are studied by means of the four-point probe and minority carrier lifetime measurements. Silver atom concentration in the range 10$^{14}$ to 10$^{15}$ cm$^{-3}$ consistently showed a donor type behaviour in the material and its presence led to a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the lifetime of minority carriers by the formation of deep-level traps. Isochronal annealing of silver contaminated specimens showed some gettering of the Ag impurities with resulting temperature dependent changes in the resistivity as well as the minority carrier lifetime values. Analysis of our results shows that a large fraction of the silver impurity atoms present forms the deep level defects and both the deep- and donor-levels appear to originate from the same source

Electrical properties of silver impurities and their annealing behaviour in p-type Fz silicon

The electrical activity of silver as well as its annealing properties in 10 \u3a9 cm p-type Fz silicon substrate are studied by means of the four-point probe and minority carrier lifetime measurements. Silver atom concentration in the range 1014to 1015cm-3consistently showed a donor type behaviour in the material and its presence led to a reduction of up to two orders of magnitude in the lifetime of minority carriers by the formation of deep-level traps. Isochronal annealing of silver contaminated specimens showed some gettering of the Ag impurities with resulting temperature dependent changes in the resistivity as well as the minority carrier lifetime values. Analysis of our results shows that a large fraction of the silver impurity atoms present forms the deep level defects and both the deep- and donor-levels appear to originate from the same source. \ua9 Les \uc9ditions de Physique 1996