Importância dos itens materiais que compõem a receita da coleta seletiva de resíduos sólidos urbanos

Com a Revolução Industrial, começou a produção de objetos de consumo em larga escala pelas indústrias e a introdução de novas embalagens no mercado aumentou consideravelmente o volume e a diversidade dos resíduos gerados nas áreas urbanas. Hoje o acúmulo de lixo é um fenômeno de crescimento acelerado das grandes e pequenas cidades, fazendo com que as áreas disponíveis para depositá-lo se tornassem escassas. Ressalte-se, ainda, o tratamento de resíduos sólidos urbanos que, pelo seu aumento crescente e devido à falta de alternativas tecnológicas de tratamento e disposição final, estão causando impactos ambientais de diferentes magnitudes. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a porcentagem de importância de cada item material na composição da receita anual dos agentes, verificando se há uniformidade dessas porcentagens de importâncias nos anos estudados, se há diferenciação entre essas porcentagens entre alguns itens materiais na receita dentro de cada grupo de resíduo e, finalmente, se há associação entre esses porcentuais considerando diferentes itens materiais, no período entre fevereiro de 2003 e dezembro de 2011. Concluiu-se que, nos nove anos estudados, os resíduos mais homogêneos foram o papelão e o papel inferior no grupo papel, o metal B nos metais ferrosos e não ferrosos e o PET no grupo plástico. Além disso, verificou-se que o percentual de importância do plástico inferior A na receita anual apresentou associação positiva com o percentual do cobre e plástico fino e negativa com do alumínio A e B, metal B e ferro.The Industrial Revolution pushed up the production of objects in large scale by industries resulting on the introduction of new packaging in the market, considerably increasing the volume and diversity of waste generated in urban areas. Nowadays garbage accumulation is an ever growing phenomenon in big or small cities making the available deposit areas even scarcer. It is also worth noting that the treatment of urban solid waste which is increasing and due to lack of technological alternatives for treatment and disposal are causing enormous environmental impacts of different magnitudes. The implementation of garbage collection brought to the town of São Manuel, São Paulo state, Brazil, a greater financial gain which provided better life for a group of adults and children living in extreme poverty and disputing on open-air dumps the remains of approximately fifteen tons of garbage dumped per day. This paper aimed at evaluating the percentage of importance of each material within annual income of agents checking if there is uniformity of such figures during the studied years, from February, 2003 to December, 2011, or if there is difference among percentages of some material items within income in each residual group and finally if there is a connection among the percentages considering different materials It was concluded that during the nine studied years cardboard and lower paper waste were the most homogeneous within paper group, metal B in ferrous and nonferrous metals had a greater homogeneity and in plastic group, PET was the most homogeneous. Furthermore, it was observed that the percentage of importance of inferior plastic A in annual income had a positive association with the percentage of copper and thin. On the other hand it had a negative association with aluminum A and B, metal B and iron

Diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy amplify body sway but are capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task

Background: Diabetic older people tend to present deteriorated performance in balance and locomotion activities, even those without peripheral neuropathy. There is evidence that saccadic eye movements are used to reduce body sway in young and older healthy adults, but it has not been shown that diabetic older people preserve this visuomotor adaptation capacity. Research question: Are diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task? Methods: Seventeen type 2 diabetic older women (68.2 ± 10.7 years old) and seventeen healthy women, age-matched controls (66.0 ± 8.4 years old) voluntarily participated in the study. All participants were instructed to stand upright, barefoot, as stable as possible, for 30 s. Participants maintained their feet parallel to each other, at standard and narrow bases of support, while either fixating on a stationary target (fixation condition) or performing horizontal saccadic eye movements to follow a target (eccentricity of 11° of visual angle), which continuously disappeared and reappeared immediately on the opposite side (saccade 0.5 Hz and saccade 1.1 Hz conditions). Results: Results indicated that the diabetic group clearly had deteriorated postural control, as shown by increased values of mean sway amplitude and mean sway velocity. However, diabetic and control groups were similarly capable of using saccadic eye movements to improve their postural stability, reducing their sway velocity compared to a gaze fixation condition. Significance: Diabetes per se (without peripheral neuropathy) amplifies postural sway of older women as compared to their healthy age-matched controls. However, diabetic older women without peripheral neuropathy are capable of improving postural stability during a saccadic gaze task.</p