169 research outputs found
Death Became Them: The Defeminization of the American Death Culture, 1609-1899
Focusing specifically on the years 1609 to 1899 in the United States, this thesis examines how middle-class women initially controlled the economy of preparing the dead in pre-industrialized America and lost their positions as death transitioned from a community-based event to an occurrence from which one could profit. In this new economy, men dominated the capitalist-driven funeral parlors and undertaker services. The changing ideology about white middle-class womenâs proper places in society and the displacement of women in the âdeath tradeâ with the advent of the funeral director exacerbated this decline of a once female-defined practice. These changes dramatically altered womenâs positions within death culture. As women no longer participated directly in the death economy, they became active in shaping public mourning rituals and policing mourning etiquette and fashion. Coinciding with larger shifts in American society, specifically the professionalization of once laymen pursuits, industrialization, and urbanization, these changes reveal that with each transition, womenâs culture or âway of lifeâ was altered, and accordingly, so was the culture of death.
Adviser: Jeannette Eileen Jone
: Particle size distribution of lithic assemblages and taphonomy of palaeolithic sites.
Cet article propose une revue sur l'utilisation de la granulomĂ©trie du matĂ©riel archĂ©ologique dans le cadre de l'Ă©tude taphonomique des sites palĂ©olithiques. La composition granulomĂ©trique numĂ©rale de la fraction supĂ©rieure Ă 2 mm produite par des dĂ©bitages expĂ©rimentaux est trĂšs constante quel que soit le mode de taille mis en Ćuvre et obĂ©it Ă une loi exponentielle dĂ©croissante. Des diffĂ©rences apparaissent nĂ©anmoins en fonction d'un certain nombre de facteurs, comme la matiĂšre premiĂšre utilisĂ©e, la dimension des produits recherchĂ©s ou la maĂźtrise du tailleur. Ces diffĂ©rences sont cependant minimes et la variation qui affecte les proportions des diffĂ©rentes classes granulomĂ©triques reste infĂ©rieure Ă 15% d'un dĂ©bitage ou d'un façonnage Ă l'autre. La composition d'assemblages lithiques archĂ©ologiques peut ĂȘtre comparĂ©e aux donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales, qui donnent une bonne image de ce que devait ĂȘtre la granulomĂ©trie du matĂ©riel archĂ©ologique taillĂ© sur le site. La mise en Ă©vidence d'un dĂ©ficit ou, Ă l'inverse, d'une surreprĂ©sentation de certaines fractions tĂ©moigne d'un tri dont l'origine peut ĂȘtre anthropique ou naturelle. Les expĂ©riences concernant les tris granulomĂ©triques provoquĂ©s par des Ă©coulements naturels (ruissellement, riviĂšres) sont dĂ©crites. Les courbes granulomĂ©triques caractĂ©ristiques obtenues sont diffĂ©rentes selon que l'on se trouve dans une zone de rĂ©sidualisation, de transit ou d'accumulation du matĂ©riel. Les tris naturels ont en commun de se marquer surtout dans la fraction la plus fine (< 5 mm), contrairement aux tris d'origine anthropique. Plusieurs exemples d'Ă©tudes sur des sites palĂ©olithiques français sont prĂ©sentĂ©s et montrent les potentialitĂ©s de cet outil pour comprendre les processus de formation des sites. De maniĂšre Ă minimiser les incertitudes qui pĂšsent encore sur l'interprĂ©tation de l'origine des tris granulomĂ©triques, un certain nombre de recommandations sur le choix des critĂšres les plus robustes et sur l'insertion de ce type d'Ă©tude au sein de la dĂ©marche analytique gĂ©nĂ©rale d'un site est proposĂ©
Resveratrol interferes with AKT activity and triggers apoptosis in human uterine cancer cells
BACKGROUND: Endometrial cancer is the fourth most prominent cancer among all feminine cancers in the Western world. Resveratrol, a natural anti-oxidant found in red wine emerging as a novel anticancer agent, exerts antiproliferative and pro-apoptotic activity in various cancer cell types, but its effect on uterine cancer cells is poorly understood. At the molecular level, resveratrol has been reported to inhibit cyclooxygenase (COX) expression and/or activity; in endometrial cancer cells, COX-2 is overexpressed and confers cellular resistance to apoptosis. The aim of the present study was to determine if resveratrol could exert anti-proliferative and pro-apoptotic activity over uterine cancer cells upon inhibition of COX-2 expression and/or activity. Six different human uterine cancer cell lines were used as a model (HeLa, Hec-1A, KLE, RL95-2, Ishikawa and EN-1078D). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: High-dose of resveratrol triggered apoptosis in five out of six uterine cancer cell lines, as judged from Hoechst nuclear staining and effector caspase cleavage. In accordance, uterine cancer cell proliferation was decreased. Resveratrol also reduced cellular levels of the phosphorylated/active form of anti-apoptotic kinase AKT. Endogenous COX-2 protein levels were decreased, concomitant with a decrease in production of COX metabolites PGE2 and PGF2α, in each uterine cancer cell line expressing detectable levels of COX-1 and/or COX-2 in presence of resveratrol. Although COX expression was identified as a target of resveratrol in uterine cancer cells, inhibition of COX activity or exogenously added PGE2 did not modulate the effect of resveratrol on cellular proliferation. CONCLUSION: High-dose of resveratrol exerts tumoricidal activity over uterine cancer cells and regulates COX expression. In these cells, resveratrol would not directly target COX activity, but possibly other enzymes involved in prostaglandin synthesis that act downstream of the COXs
Is there a synergy between hedges and intercrops for pest biocontrol ?
A major challenge for agroecology is to identify alternative cropping systems that can both ensure sufficient levels of food production and reduction in pesticide inputs while maintaining ecosystem integrity and simultaneously delivering multiple ecosystem services. Among ecological services, biocontrol of pests by natural enemies could be improved by effective management of semi-natural elements in landscape such as hedgerows (Landis et al., 2000). Another way to reduce pest populations in fields consists in increasing diversity of crop species both in time and space. A practice such as intercropping that creates structures of mixed plant populations with "barrier" or "dilution of resources" effects (MĂ©diĂšne et al., 2011) can reduce the pressure of pathogens, weeds and pests compared with that exerted on sole crops (Letourneau et al., 2011). While the combination of these two kinds of practices designed to strengthen auxiliary communities often appears efficient and could result in a synergy, many cases of study show opposite results (e.g. Straub and Snyder, 2006). Our study aimed at quantifying and comparing the efficiency of both hedgerow and intercropped pea and wheat on pest biocontrol in a field. We examined i) the potential role of different types of field edges (with and without an hedgerow) on biological control of weed seeds, aphids, pea weavils and eggs of Sitona lineatus, ii) the effect of intercropping on the biological control of these pests compared with sole crops and iii) the interaction between the two factors. We conducted both field surveys of pest abundance and pest biocontrol effectiveness by estimating predation rates by using seeds and prey sticked on cards. We found that aphid density was slightly lower in pea-wheat intercrops than in sole crops, and was influenced by the distance from the field edge (whatever the kind of edges). However, neither the hedgerow nor the intercrop situation favored aphid predation. The density of weeds did not vary according to the cropping system and distance from the field edge. We showed that the predation rate of weed seeds or of Sitona lineatus eggs and the parasitism of Bruchus pisorum decreased according to the distance to the hedge in sole crops but increased in the intercrop. This study points out the absence of a global synergy between intercrops and hedges in supporting pest and weed regulation: the regulation efficiency varied according to pest species. This study calls for a deepened multi-species approach in order to find trade-offs between agricultural practices and field edge management to optimize regulating ecosystem services such as pest biocontrol
Saint-Antoine-de-Ficalba â Chemin d'Herbe
Identifiant de l'opĂ©ration archĂ©ologique : 025434 Date de l'opĂ©ration : 2008 (MH) La fouille prĂ©ventive du site du PalĂ©olithique moyen rĂ©cent de Chemin dâHerbe, sur le tracĂ© du contournement de la RN 21, a Ă©tĂ© conduite par une Ă©quipe de l'Inrap composĂ©e de deux prĂ©historiens et dâun topographe. En raison dâune faible densitĂ© des vestiges lithiques, le niveau archĂ©ologique a Ă©tĂ© dĂ©capĂ© en grande partie Ă la pelle mĂ©canique. Cette opĂ©ration fait suite au diagnostic archĂ©ologique rĂ©alisĂ© dĂ©but 2..
Boulazac â Le Landry
Lien Atlas (MCC) :http://atlas.patrimoines.culture.fr/atlas/trunk/index.php?ap_theme=DOM_2.01.02&ap_bbox=0.732;45.153;0.802;45.191 De novembre 2011 Ă mars 2012, un campement de plein air solutrĂ©en a Ă©tĂ© fouillĂ© par lâInrap Ă Boulazac sur la rive de lâIsle situĂ©e en face de PĂ©rigueux. Son Ă©tendue, la conservation et lâorganisation spatiale des objets lithiques sont remarquables pour ce site de plein-air qui a livrĂ© deux niveaux stratifiĂ©s. Le plus rĂ©cent, datĂ© de 21 000 ans BP, a rĂ©vĂ©lĂ© sur pr..
Composition granulométrique des assemblages lithiques
Cet article propose une revue sur lâutilisation de la granulomĂ©trie du matĂ©riel archĂ©ologique dans le cadre de lâĂ©tude taphonomique des sites palĂ©olithiques. La composition granulomĂ©trique numĂ©rale de la fraction supĂ©rieure Ă 2 mm produite par des dĂ©bitages expĂ©rimentaux est trĂšs constante quel que soit le mode de taille mis en Ćuvre et obĂ©it Ă une loi exponentielle dĂ©croissante. Des diffĂ©rences apparaissent nĂ©anmoins en fonction dâun certain nombre de facteurs, comme la matiĂšre premiĂšre utilisĂ©e, la dimension des produits recherchĂ©s ou la maĂźtrise du tailleur. Ces diffĂ©rences sont cependant minimes et la variation qui affecte les proportions des diffĂ©rentes classes granulomĂ©triques reste infĂ©rieure Ă 15 % dâun dĂ©bitage ou dâun façonnage Ă lâautre. La composition dâassemblages lithiques archĂ©ologiques peut ĂȘtre comparĂ©e aux donnĂ©es expĂ©rimentales, qui donnent une bonne image de ce que devait ĂȘtre la granulomĂ©trie du matĂ©riel archĂ©ologique taillĂ© sur le site. La mise en Ă©vidence dâun dĂ©ficit ou, Ă lâinverse, dâune surreprĂ©sentation de certaines fractions tĂ©moigne dâun tri dont lâorigine peut ĂȘtre anthropique ou naturelle. Les expĂ©riences concernant les tris granulomĂ©triques provoquĂ©s par des Ă©coulements naturels (ruissellement, riviĂšres) sont dĂ©crites. Les courbes granulomĂ©triques caractĂ©ristiques obtenues sont diffĂ©rentes selon que lâon se trouve dans une zone de rĂ©sidualisation, de transit ou dâaccumulation du matĂ©riel. Les tris naturels ont en commun de se marquer surtout dans la fraction la plus fine (< 5 mm), contrairement aux tris dâorigine anthropique. Plusieurs exemples dâĂ©tudes sur des sites palĂ©olithiques français sont prĂ©sentĂ©s et montrent les potentialitĂ©s de cet outil pour comprendre les processus de formation des sites. De maniĂšre Ă minimiser les incertitudes qui pĂšsent encore sur lâinterprĂ©tation de lâorigine des tris granulomĂ©triques, un certain nombre de recommandations sur le choix des critĂšres les plus robustes et sur lâinsertion de ce type dâĂ©tude au sein de la dĂ©marche analytique gĂ©nĂ©rale dâun site est proposĂ©
Une nouvelle sépulture mésolithique
En 2010, un diagnostic archĂ©ologique au lieu-dit « Les piĂšces de Monsieur Jarnac » sur la commune de Bourg Charente en Charente a permis la dĂ©couverte dâune sĂ©pulture mĂ©solithique. Une description prĂ©liminaire de la sĂ©pulture, fouillĂ©e selon les mĂ©thodes de lâAnthropologie de terrain montre que le dĂ©funt est un adulte de sexe indĂ©terminĂ©. Aucune trace ou lĂ©sion susceptible dâexpliquer le dĂ©cĂšs nâa Ă©tĂ© mise en Ă©vidence. Il avait Ă©tĂ© dĂ©posĂ© dans une fosse et le squelette en position flĂ©chie, Ă©tait orientĂ© nord-sud, tĂȘte au sud. Un petit bloc de calcarĂ©nite et deux Ă©clats de silex dĂ©couverts sous le crĂąne constituaient le seul tĂ©moignage dâun mobilier funĂ©raire. Aucune trace dâocre nâa Ă©tĂ© observĂ©e. Une datation C14 en SMA rĂ©alisĂ©e sur un fragment de crĂąne a donnĂ© un Ăąge conventionnel de 9330 ± 50 BP (Beta 283143) qui correspond au MĂ©solithique ancien. Elle indique que cette sĂ©pulture est lâune des plus anciennes sĂ©pultures trouvĂ©es en France
Spatial analysis of the glioblastoma proteome reveals specific molecular signatures and markers of survival
Molecular heterogeneity is a key feature of glioblastoma that impedes patient stratification and leads to large discrepancies in mean patient survival. Here, we analyze a cohort of 96 glioblastoma patients with survival ranging from a few months to over 4 years. 46 tumors are analyzed by mass spectrometry-based spatially-resolved proteomics guided by mass spectrometry imaging. Integration of protein expression and clinical information highlights three molecular groups associated with immune, neurogenesis, and tumorigenesis signatures with high intra-tumoral heterogeneity. Furthermore, a set of proteins originating from reference and alternative ORFs is found to be statistically significant based on patient survival times. Among these proteins, a 5-protein signature is associated with survival. The expression of these 5 proteins is validated by immunofluorescence on an additional cohort of 50 patients. Overall, our work characterizes distinct molecular regions within glioblastoma tissues based on protein expression, which may help guide glioblastoma prognosis and improve current glioblastoma classification
Ălectrodes en diamant B-NCD (optimisation du matĂ©riau pour la stabilisation d'une rĂ©activitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e)
Le BNCD quasimĂ©tallique est un matĂ©riau Ă©lectroactif dont les propriĂ©tĂ©s exceptionnelles doivent cependant ĂȘtre mieux maitrisĂ©es pour en Ă©tendre l'usage en Ă©lectrochimie. En s'appuyant sur la maitrise des procĂ©dĂ©s d'Ă©laboration, l'analyse Ă©lectrochimique (EIS et CV) a Ă©tĂ© systĂ©matiquement couplĂ©e Ă l'Ă©valuation rigoureuse de propriĂ©tĂ©s du matĂ©riau (MEB, XPS, SIMS et Raman) afin d'Ă©clairer les relations liant les propriĂ©tĂ©s physicochimiques et Ă©lectrochimiques. L'identification et la modĂ©lisation d'une Ă©volution des propriĂ©tĂ©s des Ă©lectrodes liĂ©e Ă leur immersion a permis d'acquĂ©rir la reproductibilitĂ© nĂ©cessaire Ă l'optimisation du matĂ©riau. Deux axes ont Ă©tĂ© explorĂ©s pour amĂ©liorer les performances des Ă©lectrodes : les traitements de surface et l'optimisation de la concentration en bore [B]. Finalement les Ă©lectrodes traitĂ©es dont la concentration en bore est optimisĂ©e prĂ©sentent une vitesse de transfert de charge k0 comparable Ă celle du platine et une stabilitĂ© Ă©levĂ©e, rĂ©pondant ainsi aux besoins des Ă©lectrochimistes. Cette Ă©tude a Ă©galement permis de faire progresser la comprĂ©hension de ce matĂ©riau d'Ă©lectrode et de prĂ©ciser le rĂŽle essentiel de la concentration en porteurs de charge, dont un optimum en fonction de [B] a Ă©tĂ© mis en Ă©vidence, sur les propriĂ©tĂ©s Ă©lectrochimiques et leur stabilitĂ©. L'analyse Raman s'avĂšre un excellent outil d'optimisation et de prĂ©vision des propriĂ©tĂ©s des Ă©lectrodes. Les Ă©lectrodes dĂ©veloppĂ©es ont Ă©tĂ© appliquĂ©es avec succĂšs au travers de collaborations nationales et internationales notamment pour la dĂ©tection d'explosifs (TNT) ou encore la fabrication de rĂ©seaux de microĂ©lectrodes dĂ©diĂ©es Ă la neuroprostĂ©tique.Boron doped NanoCrystalline Diamond (BNCD) having doping level over the quasi-metallic transition appears as an exceptional electrode material. However, its original electrochemical properties are impeded by uncontrolled time evolution that have to be carefully managed to extend its use as generic material by electrochemists. In the framework of this research, we designed boron doped diamond films by carefully controlling each growth parameter to systematically investigate, using electrochemical analysis (EIS and CV) and physicochemical characterization (SEM, XPS, SIMS and Raman), the existing relationship between the physicochemical and the electrochemical properties of diamond. Under immersion within electrolytic media, diamond electrodes shown typical time degradation of their electroanalytical properties that was identified and modeled. To obtain stable and highly responsive materials, two axes were investigated: surface treatments and boron concentration [B]. Finally, treated electrodes for which [B] was optimized presents a charge transfer rate k0 comparable to that of platinum and a high stability meeting thus the needs of electrochemists. Indeed, the drastic impact of boron doping concentration on electrodes stability and reactivity was highlighted, thereby allowing better understanding on the crucial role of charge carriers concentration. In such a way, Raman Spectroscopy succeeded to provide accurate estimations of active charge carriers concentration that correlate electrochemical characterizations. Finally, the optimized BNCD electrodes fabricated along this work were utilized in national and international collaborations for the sensitive detection of TNT or for the design of microelectrodes arrays dedicated to neuroprothetic.PARIS-MINES ParisTech (751062310) / SudocSudocFranceF
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