Comparison of Hemoglobin Concentration Before and After Trichuriasis Treatment with Albendazole Among Primary School Children

Background: Trichuriasis is a soil transmitted helminth that causes anemia and growth disturbance in children. This study aimed to compare hemoglobin concentration before and after Trichuriasis treatment with albendazole among primary school children.Subjects and Method: This was an experimental study with before and after quasi experiment design. This study was conducted at Medan Tembung Primary School, Medan, North Sumatera, from March to June, 2015. A total of 63 children were selected for this study. Blood sample was taken for hemoglobin concentration examination before and after the administration of albendazole. The treatment consisted of 400 mg albendazole that was administered in single dose 0nce a day for 3 days, both for single and mixed infection.Results: The prevalence of Trichuriasis among the school children under study was 33.3% (126/ 378), which was consisted of 37 children with single infection and 26 children with mixed infection. Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.88 g/dl; SD=1.26 before treatment and mean=12.53 g/dl; SD= 1.37 after treatment, among children with single infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.69 g/dl; SD=1.04 before treatment and mean=12.36 g/dl; SD= 1.06 after treatment, among children with mixed infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.001).Conclusion: Albendazole is effective in increasing hemoglobin concentration among school children with anemia that is caused by Trichuriasis infection. Keywords: helminthiasis, trichuriasis, hemoglobin, anemia, albendazole, school childrenCorrespondence: Novreka Pratiwi Sipayung. Department Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, HKBP Nommensen University, Medan. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085261145049.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2016), 1(4): 201-208https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2017.02.01.0

Comparison of Hemoglobin Concentration Before and After Trichuriasis Treatment with Albendazole among Primary School Children

Background: Trichuriasis is a soil transmitted helminth that causes anemia and growth disturbance in children. This study aimed to compare hemoglobin concentration before and after Trichuriasis treatment with albendazole among primary school children.Subjects and Method: This was an experimental study with before and after quasi experiment design. This study was conducted at Medan Tembung Primary School, Medan, North Sumatera, from March to June, 2015. A total of 63 children were selected for this study. Blood sample was taken for hemoglobin concentration examination before and after the administration of albendazole. The treatment consisted of 400 mg albendazole that was administered in single dose 0nce a day for 3 days, both for single and mixed infection.Results: The prevalence of Trichuriasis among the school children under study was 33.3% (126/ 378), which was consisted of 37 children with single infection and 26 children with mixed infection. Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.88 g/dl; SD=1.26 before treatment and mean=12.53 g/dl; SD= 1.37 after treatment, among children with single infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.69 g/dl; SD=1.04 before treatment and mean=12.36 g/dl; SD= 1.06 after treatment, among children with mixed infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.001).Conclusion: Albendazole is effective in increasing hemoglobin concentration among school children with anemia that is caused by Trichuriasis infection. Keywords: helminthiasis, trichuriasis, hemoglobin, anemia, albendazole, school childrenCorrespondence: Novreka Pratiwi Sipayung. Department Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, HKBP Nommensen University, Medan. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085261145049.Indonesian Journal of Medicine (2016), 1(4): 201-208https://doi.org/10.26911/theijmed.2017.02.01.0

The efficacy of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and artemether-lumefantrine with and without primaquine on Plasmodium vivax recurrence: A systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis

BACKGROUND Artemisinin-based combination therapy (ACT) is recommended for uncomplicated Plasmodium vivax malaria in areas of emerging chloroquine resistance. We undertook a systematic review and individual patient data meta-analysis to compare the efficacies of dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine (DP) and artemether-lumefantrine (AL) with or without primaquine (PQ) on the risk of recurrent P. vivax. METHODS AND FINDINGS Clinical efficacy studies of uncomplicated P. vivax treated with DP or AL and published between January 1, 2000, and January 31, 2018, were identified by conducting a systematic review registered with the International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews (PROSPERO): CRD42016053310. Investigators of eligible studies were invited to contribute individual patient data that were pooled using standardised methodology. The effect of mg/kg dose of piperaquine/lumefantrine, ACT administered, and PQ on the rate of P. vivax recurrence between days 7 and 42 after starting treatment were investigated by Cox regression analyses according to an a priori analysis plan. Secondary outcomes were the risk of recurrence assessed on days 28 and 63. Nineteen studies enrolling 2,017 patients were included in the analysis. The risk of recurrent P. vivax at day 42 was significantly higher in the 384 patients treated with AL alone (44.0%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 38.7-49.8) compared with the 812 patients treated with DP alone (9.3%, 95% CI 7.1-12.2): adjusted hazard ratio (AHR) 12.63 (95% CI 6.40-24.92), p < 0.001. The rates of recurrence assessed at days 42 and 63 were associated inversely with the dose of piperaquine: AHRs (95% CI) for every 5-mg/kg increase 0.63 (0.48-0.84), p = 0.0013 and 0.83 (0.73-0.94), p = 0.0033, respectively. The dose of lumefantrine was not significantly associated with the rate of recurrence (1.07 for every 5-mg/kg increase, 95% CI 0.99-1.16, p = 0.0869). In a post hoc analysis, in patients with symptomatic recurrence after AL, the mean haemoglobin increased 0.13 g/dL (95% CI 0.01-0.26) for every 5 days that recurrence was delayed, p = 0.0407. Coadministration of PQ reduced substantially the rate of recurrence assessed at day 42 after AL (AHR = 0.20, 95% CI 0.10-0.41, p < 0.001) and at day 63 after DP (AHR = 0.08, 95% CI 0.01-0.70, p = 0.0233). Results were limited by follow-up of patients to 63 days or less and nonrandomised treatment groups. CONCLUSIONS In this study, we observed the risk of P. vivax recurrence at day 42 to be significantly lower following treatment with DP compared with AL, reflecting the longer period of post-treatment prophylaxis; this risk was reduced substantially by coadministration with PQ. We found that delaying P. vivax recurrence was associated with a small but significant improvement in haemoglobin. These results highlight the benefits of PQ radical cure and also the provision of blood-stage antimalarial agents with prolonged post-treatment prophylaxis

Warning sign as a predictor of dengue infection severity in children

Background: Dengue has emerged as a global public health problem, about 500,000 affected patients of 50–100 million cases will develop severe dengue infection. Therefore, early identification of severe dengue infection symptoms can save a patient’s life. The 2009 WHO dengue infection classification proposed seven warning signs to identify the risk of severe dengue. This study was conducted to predict the severity of dengue infection based on the number of warning signs. Methods: This was a diagnostic study conducted with a retrospective analytic observation of patients admitted to Adam Malik hospital with a diagnosis of dengue infection from January 2014–May 2016. The association between warning signs and severe dengue infection was analyzed using logistic regression. We also analyzed the sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value and negative predictive value. Results: Of 140 patients who fulfilled the research criteria were collected from the medical records. The patients were classified as severe dengue (n=28) and nonsevere dengue (n =112). The warning signs that were associated with severe dengue were persistent vomiting (p<0.05, OR 31.9, 95%CI), fluid accumulation (p<0.05, OR 22.4, 95%CI), mucosal bleeding (p<0.05, OR 9.1, 95%CI), lethargy (p<0.05, OR 43.1, 95%CI). After analyzing the diagnostic tests, the combination of three or more warning signs showed that sensitivity of 92.9%, specificity of 78.6%, positive predictive value of 52%, negative predictive value of 97.7% was found to be associated with a severe dengue infection. Conclusion: The combination of three or more warning signs showed a high sensitivity and specificity for predicting a severe dengue infection

Comparison of Hemoglobin Concentration Before and After Trichuriasis Treatment with Albendazole among Primary School Children

Background: Trichuriasis is a soil transmitted helminth that causes anemia and growth disturbance in children. This study aimed to compare hemoglobin concentration before and after Trichuriasis treatment with albendazole among primary school children. Subjects and Method: This was an experimental study with before and after quasi experiment design. This study was conducted at Medan Tembung Primary School, Medan, North Sumatera, from March to June, 2015. A total of 63 children were selected for this study. Blood sample was taken for hemoglobin concentration examination before and after the administration of albendazole. The treatment consisted of 400 mg albendazole that was administered in single dose 0nce a day for 3 days, both for single and mixed infection. Results: The prevalence of Trichuriasis among the school children under study was 33.3% (126/ 378), which was consisted of 37 children with single infection and 26 children with mixed infection. Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.88 g/dl; SD=1.26 before treatment and mean=12.53 g/dl; SD= 1.37 after treatment, among children with single infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.002). Albendazole increased hemoglobin concentration with mean= 11.69 g/dl; SD=1.04 before treatment and mean=12.36 g/dl; SD= 1.06 after treatment, among children with mixed infection, and it was statistically significant (p= 0.001). Conclusion: Albendazole is effective in increasing hemoglobin concentration among school children with anemia that is caused by Trichuriasis infection. Keywords: helminthiasis, trichuriasis, hemoglobin, anemia, albendazole, school children Correspondence: Novreka Pratiwi Sipayung. Department Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine, HKBP Nommensen University, Medan. Email: [email protected]. Mobile: 085261145049

Efficacy of mebendazole and levamisole, alone or in combination, for soil-transmitted helminthiasis

Background The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends four, single-dose drugs (albendazole, levamisole, mebendazole, and pyrantel pamoate) for management of soil­transmitted helminthiasis (STH). Previous studies have shown varied and inconsistent outcomes of these STH treatments. Objective To compare the efficacy of mebendazole and levami­sole, alone or in combination, for the treatment of STH. Methods An open randomized controlled trial was conducted in Secanggang, North Sumatera from August to October 2009. School-aged children with STH infection were randomized into three groups. Group I received a single dose of mebendazole (500 mg); group II received a single dose of levamisole (2.5 mg/kg); and group III received a single dose of mebendazole-levamisole combined. Stool samples were collected at baseline, and the 1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th weeks after treatment and examined by the Kato-Katz technique. Statistical analyses were Kruskal-Wallis test for cure rate and Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) test for egg reduction rate. Results STH was diagnosed in 197 children with the following parasite species: Ascariasis (96 children, 48.7%), Trichuriasis (58 children, 29.4%), and mixed infection (43 children, 21.8%). We found no hookworm infection in any of our subjects. Groups I and III had significantly higher efficacy (P=0.0001) against STH (egg reduction rate 99.3% and 99.9%; cure rate 92.2% and 98.4%, respectively) at 4th week of treatment. Conclusion A single dose of mebendazole alone and combined with levamisole have better efficacy compared to a single dose of levamisole for the treatment of STH. The highest efficacy of these treatments is noted at the 4th week after drug administratio

Albendazole alone vs. albendazole and diethylcarbamazine combination therapy for trichuriasis

Background Trichuris trichiura is one of the most common soil-transmitted helminths, estimated to infect l billion people worldwide. Several studies have compared the efficacies of albendazole and diethylcarbamazine, but the efficacy of a combination of these two drugs has been inconclusive. Objective To assess the effectiveness of a single dose of albendazole compared to a combination of albendazole and diethylcarbamazine for trichuriasis treatment. Methods A randomized, clinical open trial was conducted from June to September 2009 on elementary school children with trichuriasis from two villages in the North Sumatera Province. Stool specimens were collected at baseline and at days 7, 14, 21, and 28 after treatment, and examined by the Kato Katz method. Subjects were randomized into two groups. Group I received a single dose of albendazole (400 mg) and group II received albendazole (400 mg) plus diethylcarbamazine (6 mg! kg). Statistical analyses used were Chi square test for cure rates and Wilcoxon rank test for egg reduction rates. Results One hundred eight children were enrolled and randomized into group l (53 children) and group II (55 children). The prevalence of T. trichiura infection was 54.7%. There were no significant differences (P=0.52) in the cure rate between groups I and II (66% and 60%, respectively) or in egg reduction rates at day 28 (54.5% and 60.07%, respectively, P= 0.10). Conclusion Albendazole alone and abendazole combined with diethylcarbamazine have similar efficacies for trichuriasis treatment, in terms of cure rates and egg reduction rates

Efektivitas Kombinasi Artesunat-Klindamisin dengan Kinin-Klindamisin pada Pengobatan Malaria FalciparumTanpa Komplikasi pada Anak

Latar belakang. Kombinasi antimalaria termasuk artemisinin sering tidak sesuai secara farmakokinetika sehingga berpotensi untuk resistensi. Untuk itu penilaian terhadap kombinasi artemisinin dengan obat yang mempunyai waktu paruh yang pendek diperlukan dalam pengobatan malaria falciparumtanpa komplikasi pada anak. Tujuan. Untuk membandingkan efektifitas kombinasi artesunat-klindamisin dengan kinin-klindamisin pada pengobatan malaria falciparumtanpa komplikasi pada anak. Metode. Penelitian dilakukan dengan metode uji klinis acak terbuka yang dilaksanakan pada bulan Oktober sampai November 2010 di Mandailing Natal, Propinsi Sumatera Utara. Subjek berusia 7 sampai 12 tahun dan dijumpai Plasmodium falciparumpada pemeriksaan darah tepi. Kelompok I menerima kombinasi artesunat-klindamisin (artesunat 4mg/kg, dan klindamisin 7mg/kg, per dosis). Kelompok II menerima kombinasi kinin-klindamisin (kinin 4 mg/kg dan klindamisin 7mg/kg, per dosis). Kedua kelompok beri obat dua kali sehari selama tiga hari berturut-turut. Parasitemia dihitung pada hari 1, 2, 3, 7, 14, dan 28. Analisis didasarkan intention to treat analysis. Hasil. Penelitian diikuti dua ratus anak. Adequate clinical parasitological respons dari artesunat-klindamisin dijumpai berbeda secara bermakna dibandingkan kinin-klindamisin 94% dan 62% (p=0,0001). Kesembuhan artesunat-klindamisin dicapai hari ke-3 dan ke-4 belas 97% (p=0,001). Kesembuhan kinin-klindamisin dicapai pada hari ke-14 dan ke-28 92% (p=0.236). Pada pengamatan tidak dijumpai efek samping yang serius. Kesimpulan.Kombinasi artesunat-klindamisin lebih efektif dari pada kinin-klindamisin pada pengobatan malaria falciparumtanpa komplikasi pada ana

The heterogeneity of symptom reporting across study sites: a secondary analysis of a randomised placebo-controlled multicentre antimalarial trial

Abstract Introduction Symptoms reported following the administration of investigational drugs play an important role in decisions for registration and treatment guidelines. However, symptoms are subjective, and interview methods to quantify them are difficult to standardise. We explored differences in symptom reporting across study sites of a multicentre antimalarial trial, with the aim of informing trial design and the interpretation of safety and tolerability data. Methods Data were derived from the IMPROV trial, a randomised, placebo-controlled double blinded trial of high dose primaquine to prevent Plasmodium vivax recurrence conducted in eight study sites in Afghanistan, Ethiopia, Indonesia and Vietnam. At each follow up visit a 13-point symptom questionnaire was completed. The number and percentage of patients with clinically relevant symptoms following the administration of primaquine or placebo, were reported by study site including vomiting, diarrhoea, anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain and dizziness. Multivariable logistic regression was used to estimate the confounder-adjusted site-specific proportion of each symptom. Results A total of 2,336 patients were included. The greatest variation between sites in the proportion of patients reporting symptoms was for anorexia between day 0 and day 13: 97.3% (361/371) of patients in Arba Minch, Ethiopia, reported the symptom compared with 4.7% (5/106) of patients in Krong Pa, Vietnam. Differences attenuated slightly after adjusting for treatment arm, age, sex, day 0 parasite density and fever; with the adjusted proportion for anorexia ranging from 4.8% to 97.0%. Differences between sites were greater for symptoms graded as mild or moderate compared to those rated as severe. Differences in symptom reporting were greater between study sites than between treatment arms within the same study site. Conclusion Despite standardised training, there was large variation in symptom reporting across trial sites. The reporting of severe symptoms was less skewed compared to mild and moderate symptoms, which are likely to be more subjective. Trialists should clearly distinguish between safety and tolerability outcomes. Differences between trial arms were much less variable across sites, suggesting that the relative difference in reported symptoms between intervention and control group is more relevant than absolute numbers and should be reported when possible. Trial registration Clinicaltrials.gov: NCT01814683; March 20th, 2013