88 research outputs found
Training a Feed-forward Neural Network with Artificial Bee Colony Based Backpropagation Method
Back-propagation algorithm is one of the most widely used and popular
techniques to optimize the feed forward neural network training. Nature
inspired meta-heuristic algorithms also provide derivative-free solution to
optimize complex problem. Artificial bee colony algorithm is a nature inspired
meta-heuristic algorithm, mimicking the foraging or food source searching
behaviour of bees in a bee colony and this algorithm is implemented in several
applications for an improved optimized outcome. The proposed method in this
paper includes an improved artificial bee colony algorithm based
back-propagation neural network training method for fast and improved
convergence rate of the hybrid neural network learning method. The result is
analysed with the genetic algorithm based back-propagation method, and it is
another hybridized procedure of its kind. Analysis is performed over standard
data sets, reflecting the light of efficiency of proposed method in terms of
convergence speed and rate.Comment: 14 Pages, 11 figure
An Improved Gauss-Newtons Method based Back-propagation Algorithm for Fast Convergence
The present work deals with an improved back-propagation algorithm based on
Gauss-Newton numerical optimization method for fast convergence. The steepest
descent method is used for the back-propagation. The algorithm is tested using
various datasets and compared with the steepest descent back-propagation
algorithm. In the system, optimization is carried out using multilayer neural
network. The efficacy of the proposed method is observed during the training
period as it converges quickly for the dataset used in test. The requirement of
memory for computing the steps of algorithm is also analyzed.Comment: 7 pages, 6 figures,2 tables, Published with International Journal of
Computer Applications (IJCA
"The fruits of independence": Satyajit Ray, Indian nationhood and the spectre of empire
Challenging the longstanding consensus that Satyajit Ray's work is largely free of ideological concerns and notable only for its humanistic richness, this article shows with reference to representations of British colonialism and Indian nationhood that Ray's films and stories are marked deeply and consistently by a distinctively Bengali variety of liberalism. Drawn from an ongoing biographical project, it commences with an overview of the nationalist milieu in which Ray grew up and emphasizes the preoccupation with colonialism and nationalism that marked his earliest unfilmed scripts. It then shows with case studies of Kanchanjangha (1962), Charulata (1964), First Class Kamra (First-Class Compartment, 1981), Pratidwandi (The Adversary, 1970), Shatranj ke Khilari (The Chess Players, 1977), Agantuk (The Stranger, 1991) and Robertsoner Ruby (Robertson's Ruby, 1992) how Ray's mature work continued to combine a strongly anti-colonial viewpoint with a shifting perspective on Indian nationhood and an unequivocal commitment to cultural cosmopolitanism. Analysing how Ray articulated his ideological positions through the quintessentially liberal device of complexly staged debates that were apparently free, but in fact closed by the scenarist/director on ideologically specific notes, this article concludes that Ray's reputation as an all-forgiving, âeverybody-has-his-reasonsâ humanist is based on simplistic or even tendentious readings of his work
Carriage and within-host diversity of mcr-1.1-harboring Escherichia coli from pregnant mothers: inter- and intra-mother transmission dynamics of mcr-1.1
Exchange of antimicrobial resistance genes via mobile genetic elements occur in the gut which can be transferred from mother to neonate during birth. This study is the first to analyze transmissible colistin resistance gene, mcr, in pregnant mothers and neonates. Samples were collected from pregnant mothers (rectal) and septicaemic neonates (rectal & blood) and analyzed for presence of mcr, its transmissibility, genome diversity, and exchange of mcr between isolates within an individualand across different individuals (not necessarily mother-baby pairs). mcr-1.1 was detected in rectal samples of pregnant mothers (n=10, 0.9%), but not in neonates. All mcr-positive mothers gave birth to healthy neonates from whom rectal specimen were not collected. Hence, transmission of mcr between these mother-neonate pairs could not be studied. mcr-1.1 was noted only in Escherichia coli (phylogroup A & B1), and carried few resistance and virulence genes. Isolates belonged to diverse sequence types (n=11) with two novel STs (ST12452, ST12455). mcr-1.1 was borne on conjugative IncHI2 bracketed between ISApl1 on Tn6630, and the plasmids exhibited similarities in sequences across the study isolates. Phylogenetic comparison showed that study isolates were related to mcr-positive isolates of animal origin from Southeast Asian countries. Spread of mcr-1.1 within this study occurred either via similar mcr-positive clones or similar mcr-bearing plasmids in mothers. Though this study could not build evidence for mother-baby transmission, but presence of such genes in the maternal specimen may enhance the chances of transmission to neonates
Democracia e dominação: uma discussĂŁo (via Ăndia) com referĂȘncia Ă AmĂ©rica Latina (Brasil)
The Secular State and Religious Conflict: Liberal Neutrality and the Indian Case of Pluralism
Neonatal sepsis and mortality in low-income and middle-income countries from a facility-based birth cohort: an international multisite prospective observational study
Background
Neonatal sepsis is a primary cause of neonatal mortality and is an urgent global health concern, especially within low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs), where 99% of global neonatal mortality occurs. The aims of this study were to determine the incidence and associations with neonatal sepsis and all-cause mortality in facility-born neonates in LMICs.
Methods
The Burden of Antibiotic Resistance in Neonates from Developing Societies (BARNARDS) study recruited mothers and their neonates into a prospective observational cohort study across 12 clinical sites from Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Data for sepsis-associated factors in the four domains of health care, maternal, birth and neonatal, and living environment were collected for all mothers and neonates enrolled. Primary outcomes were clinically suspected sepsis, laboratory-confirmed sepsis, and all-cause mortality in neonates during the first 60 days of life. Incidence proportion of livebirths for clinically suspected sepsis and laboratory-confirmed sepsis and incidence rate per 1000 neonate-days for all-cause mortality were calculated. Modified Poisson regression was used to investigate factors associated with neonatal sepsis and parametric survival models for factors associated with all-cause mortality.
Findings
Between Nov 12, 2015 and Feb 1, 2018, 29â483 mothers and 30â557 neonates were enrolled. The incidence of clinically suspected sepsis was 166·0 (95% CI 97·69â234·24) per 1000 livebirths, laboratory-confirmed sepsis was 46·9 (19·04â74·79) per 1000 livebirths, and all-cause mortality was 0·83 (0·37â2·00) per 1000 neonate-days. Maternal hypertension, previous maternal hospitalisation within 12 months, average or higher monthly household income, ward size (>11 beds), ward type (neonatal), living in a rural environment, preterm birth, perinatal asphyxia, and multiple births were associated with an increased risk of clinically suspected sepsis, laboratory-confirmed sepsis, and all-cause mortality. The majority (881 [72·5%] of 1215) of laboratory-confirmed sepsis cases occurred within the first 3 days of life.
Interpretation
Findings from this study highlight the substantial proportion of neonates who develop neonatal sepsis, and the high mortality rates among neonates with sepsis in LMICs. More efficient and effective identification of neonatal sepsis is needed to target interventions to reduce its incidence and subsequent mortality in LMICs.
Funding
Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation
Effects of antibiotic resistance, drug target attainment, bacterial pathogenicity and virulence, and antibiotic access and affordability on outcomes in neonatal sepsis: an international microbiology and drug evaluation prospective substudy (BARNARDS)
Background
Sepsis is a major contributor to neonatal mortality, particularly in low-income and middle-income countries (LMICs). WHO advocates ampicillinâgentamicin as first-line therapy for the management of neonatal sepsis. In the BARNARDS observational cohort study of neonatal sepsis and antimicrobial resistance in LMICs, common sepsis pathogens were characterised via whole genome sequencing (WGS) and antimicrobial resistance profiles. In this substudy of BARNARDS, we aimed to assess the use and efficacy of empirical antibiotic therapies commonly used in LMICs for neonatal sepsis.
Methods
In BARNARDS, consenting motherâneonates aged 0â60 days dyads were enrolled on delivery or neonatal presentation with suspected sepsis at 12 BARNARDS clinical sites in Bangladesh, Ethiopia, India, Pakistan, Nigeria, Rwanda, and South Africa. Stillborn babies were excluded from the study. Blood samples were collected from neonates presenting with clinical signs of sepsis, and WGS and minimum inhibitory concentrations for antibiotic treatment were determined for bacterial isolates from culture-confirmed sepsis. Neonatal outcome data were collected following enrolment until 60 days of life. Antibiotic usage and neonatal outcome data were assessed. Survival analyses were adjusted to take into account potential clinical confounding variables related to the birth and pathogen. Additionally, resistance profiles, pharmacokineticâpharmacodynamic probability of target attainment, and frequency of resistance (ie, resistance defined by in-vitro growth of isolates when challenged by antibiotics) were assessed. Questionnaires on health structures and antibiotic costs evaluated accessibility and affordability.
Findings
Between Nov 12, 2015, and Feb 1, 2018, 36â285 neonates were enrolled into the main BARNARDS study, of whom 9874 had clinically diagnosed sepsis and 5749 had available antibiotic data. The four most commonly prescribed antibiotic combinations given to 4451 neonates (77·42%) of 5749 were ampicillinâgentamicin, ceftazidimeâamikacin, piperacillinâtazobactamâamikacin, and amoxicillin clavulanateâamikacin. This dataset assessed 476 prescriptions for 442 neonates treated with one of these antibiotic combinations with WGS data (all BARNARDS countries were represented in this subset except India). Multiple pathogens were isolated, totalling 457 isolates. Reported mortality was lower for neonates treated with ceftazidimeâamikacin than for neonates treated with ampicillinâgentamicin (hazard ratio [adjusted for clinical variables considered potential confounders to outcomes] 0·32, 95% CI 0·14â0·72; p=0·0060). Of 390 Gram-negative isolates, 379 (97·2%) were resistant to ampicillin and 274 (70·3%) were resistant to gentamicin. Susceptibility of Gram-negative isolates to at least one antibiotic in a treatment combination was noted in 111 (28·5%) to ampicillinâgentamicin; 286 (73·3%) to amoxicillin clavulanateâamikacin; 301 (77·2%) to ceftazidimeâamikacin; and 312 (80·0%) to piperacillinâtazobactamâamikacin. A probability of target attainment of 80% or more was noted in 26 neonates (33·7% [SD 0·59]) of 78 with ampicillinâgentamicin; 15 (68·0% [3·84]) of 27 with amoxicillin clavulanateâamikacin; 93 (92·7% [0·24]) of 109 with ceftazidimeâamikacin; and 70 (85·3% [0·47]) of 76 with piperacillinâtazobactamâamikacin. However, antibiotic and country effects could not be distinguished. Frequency of resistance was recorded most frequently with fosfomycin (in 78 isolates [68·4%] of 114), followed by colistin (55 isolates [57·3%] of 96), and gentamicin (62 isolates [53·0%] of 117). Sites in six of the seven countries (excluding South Africa) stated that the cost of antibiotics would influence treatment of neonatal sepsis
Analysis of Statistical Hypothesis based Learning Mechanism for Faster Crawling
The growth of world-wide-web (WWW) spreads its wings from an intangible
quantities of web-pages to a gigantic hub of web information which gradually
increases the complexity of crawling process in a search engine. A search
engine handles a lot of queries from various parts of this world, and the
answers of it solely depend on the knowledge that it gathers by means of
crawling. The information sharing becomes a most common habit of the society,
and it is done by means of publishing structured, semi-structured and
unstructured resources on the web. This social practice leads to an exponential
growth of web-resource, and hence it became essential to crawl for continuous
updating of web-knowledge and modification of several existing resources in any
situation. In this paper one statistical hypothesis based learning mechanism is
incorporated for learning the behavior of crawling speed in different
environment of network, and for intelligently control of the speed of crawler.
The scaling technique is used to compare the performance proposed method with
the standard crawler. The high speed performance is observed after scaling, and
the retrieval of relevant web-resource in such a high speed is analyzed.Comment: 14 Pages, 7 Figures This paper has been withdrawn by the author due
to a crucial sign error in page no. 3,4,7 and 11. The error is also observed
with equation no in page 1
- âŠ