Effect of pH on the production of hydrolytic enzymes of industrial interest by Bacillus licheniformis using sewage sludge as a low-cost culture médium

Management of sewage sludge has become a topic of increasing importance. This is because the treatment and final destination of these wastes are not growing at the same rate at which generated what is necessary to add the limited storage capacity of wastewater treatment plants or waste transfer centers. Current policies of different governments aims, among others, promote proecological management of sewage sludge, replacing traditional methods by new methods that lead to their stabilization and safe recycling. These methods can lead to the recovery of valuable raw materials from potentially dangerous others in order to permit their use in agriculture, industry or energy production. Moreover, exists a great enzyme market, mainly those with hydrolytic activities such as proteases, lipases or cellulases. Although its use has many advantages, the competitiveness of the enzymes compared with chemicals is limited by its high production costs. The use of a less expensive culture media and the stimulation of the production of these enzymes can significantly reduce production costs. Therefore, the use of tertiary materials as alternative substrates, available in large quantities and at lower cost, is an interesting option. In this work we have studied the effect of pH on the fermentation of sewage sludge by Bacillus licheniformis, a hydrolytic enzymes producer microorganism, in order to obtain several products for specific agronomic applications

Development of software for the generation of Data Capture Programs (PCD) from the characterization of a model of computerized survey systems and the design of a methodology for its comparison and evaluation

Universitat Oberta de Catalunya UOCMaestríaModalidad Presencia

Modulación multiportadora OFDM

This paper presents an overview of multiple carrier modulation technique know as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). A discussion of the importance of orthogonality, the use of different modulation schemes which could be used to modulate the data at a low bit rate onto each carrier (mapping), the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for modulation and demodulation OFDM and the addition of the guard interval used to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath distortion is reviewed.>En este artículo se discute los aspectos fundamentales sobre el funcionamiento de la técnica de Modulación Multiportadora conocida como OFDM (Multiplexación Por División De Frecuencia Ortogonal). Se toma en consideración la importancia de la ortogonalidad, la utilización de técnicas de modulación convencionales como mapeadores de los datos de entrada al dominio de la frecuencia, el uso de la IFFT como el modulador OFDM y la inserción de un prefijo cíclico para combatir los efectos multitrayectoria y problemas de sincronización

Modulación multiportadora OFDM

En este artículo se discute los aspectos fundamentales sobre el funcionamiento de la técnica de Modulación Multiportadora conocida como OFDM (Multiplexación Por División De Frecuencia Ortogonal). Se toma en consideración la importancia de la ortogonalidad, la utilización de técnicas de modulación convencionales como mapeadores de los datos de entrada al dominio de la frecuencia, el uso de la IFFT como el modulador OFDM y la inserción de un prefijo cíclico para combatir los efectos multitrayectoria y problemas de sincronización.This paper presents an overview of multiple carrier modulation technique know as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). A discussion of the importance of orthogonality, the use of different modulation schemes which could be used to modulate the data at a low bit rate onto each carrier (mapping), the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for modulation and demodulation OFDM and the addition of the guard interval used to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath distortion is reviewed.

Modulación multiportadora OFDM

This paper presents an overview of multiple carrier modulation technique know as OFDM (Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing). A discussion of the importance of orthogonality, the use of different modulation schemes which could be used to modulate the data at a low bit rate onto each carrier (mapping), the Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) for modulation and demodulation OFDM and the addition of the guard interval used to avoid intersymbol interference (ISI) caused by multipath distortion is reviewed.>En este artículo se discute los aspectos fundamentales sobre el funcionamiento de la técnica de Modulación Multiportadora conocida como OFDM (Multiplexación Por División De Frecuencia Ortogonal). Se toma en consideración la importancia de la ortogonalidad, la utilización de técnicas de modulación convencionales como mapeadores de los datos de entrada al dominio de la frecuencia, el uso de la IFFT como el modulador OFDM y la inserción de un prefijo cíclico para combatir los efectos multitrayectoria y problemas de sincronización

The gene expression response of chronic lymphocytic leukemia cells to IL-4 is specific, depends on ZAP-70 status and is differentially affected by an NFκB inhibitor.

Interleukin 4 (IL-4), an essential mediator of B cell development, plays a role in survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. To obtain new insights into the function of the IL-4 pathway in CLL, we analyzed the gene expression response to IL-4 in CLL and in normal B cells (NBC) by oligonucleotide microarrays, resulting in the identification of 232 non-redundant entities in CLL and 146 in NBC (95 common, 283 altogether), of which 189 were well-defined genes in CLL and 123 in NBC (83 common, 229 altogether) (p<0.05, 2-fold cut-off). To the best of our knowledge, most of them were novel IL-4 targets for CLL (98%), B cells of any source (83%), or any cell type (70%). Responses were significantly higher for 54 and 11 genes in CLL and NBC compared to each other, respectively. In CLL, ZAP-70 status had an impact on IL-4 response, since different sets of IL-4 targets correlated positively or negatively with baseline expression of ZAP-70. In addition, the NFκB inhibitor 6-Amino-4-(4-phenoxyphenethylamino)quinazoline, which reversed the anti-apoptotic effect of IL-4, preferentially blocked the response of genes positively correlated with ZAP-70 (e.g. CCR2, SUSD2), but enhanced the response of genes negatively correlated with ZAP-70 (e.g. AUH, BCL6, LY75, NFIL3). Dissection of the gene expression response to IL-4 in CLL and NBC contributes to the understanding of the anti-apoptotic response. Initial evidence of a connection between ZAP-70 and NFκB supports further exploration of targeting NFκB in the context of the assessment of inhibition of the IL-4 pathway as a therapeutic strategy in CLL, especially in patients expressing bad prognostic markers

IL-4 Up-Regulates MiR-21 and the MiRNAs Hosted in the CLCN5 Gene in Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia

<div><p>Interleukin 4 (IL-4) induces B-cell differentiation and survival of chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) regulate mRNA and protein expression, and several miRNAs, deregulated in CLL, might play roles as oncogenes or tumor suppressors. We have studied the miRNA profile of CLL, and its response to IL-4, by oligonucleotide microarrays, resulting in the detection of a set of 129 mature miRNAs consistently expressed in CLL, which included 41 differentially expressed compared to normal B cells (NBC), and 6 significantly underexpressed in ZAP-70 positive patients. IL-4 stimulation brought about up-regulation of the 5p and 3p mature variants of the miR-21 gene, which maps immediately downstream to the VMP1 gene, and of the mature forms generated from the miR-362 (3p and 5p), miR-500a (3p), miR-502 (3p), and miR-532 (3p and 5p) genes, which map within the third intron of the CLCN5 gene. Both genes are in turn regulated by IL-4, suggesting that these miRNAs were regulated by IL-4 as passengers from their carrier genes. Their levels of up-regulation by IL-4 significantly correlated with cytoprotection. MiR-21 has been reported to be leukemogenic, associated to bad prognosis in CLL, and the miRNA more frequently overexpressed in human cancer. Up-regulation by IL-4 of miR-21 and the miRNAs hosted in the CLCN5 locus may contribute to evasion of apoptosis of CLL cells. These findings indicate that the IL-4 pathway and the miRNAs induced by IL-4 are promising targets for the development of novel therapies in CLL.</p></div

MiRNAs diferentially expressed in ZAP-70 positive and negative patients.

<p>MiRNAs diferentially expressed in ZAP-70 positive and negative patients.</p

Validation of up-regulation of the carrier gene VMP1 by IL-4 in CLL.

<p>Two of the CLL patients, CLL06 and CLL14, were assayed by a semiquantitative RT-PCR assay. GAPDH was used as reference. The size of the molecular weight markers (M) is indicated to the left. The size of the expected PCR fragments were 606 bp for VMP1 and 464 bp for GAPDH.</p