GIS Applications in Agriculture

Technological innovations during the recent centuries have enabled us to significantly boost agricultural production to feed the rapidly increasing global population. While advances in digital technologies triggered the onset of the fourth revolution in agriculture, we also have several challenges such as limited cropland, diminishing water resources, and climate change, underscoring the need for unprecedented measures to achieve agricultural resilience to support the world population. Geographic information system (GIS), along with other partner technologies such as remote sensing, global positioning system, artificial intelligence, computational systems, and data analytics, has been playing a pivotal role in monitoring crops and in implementing optimal and targeted management practices towards improving crop productivity. Here we have reviewed the diverse applications of GIS in agriculture that cover the entire pipeline from land-use planning to crop-soil-yield monitoring to post-harvest operations. GIS, in combination with digital technologies and through new and emerging areas of applications, is enabling the realization of precision farming and sustainable food production goals

Synergy of optical and synthetic aperture radar data for early-stage crop yield estimation: a case study over a state of Germany

Traditional crop cutting experiment-based yield estimation method captures the regional yield variability but lacks field-level information. Satellite images hold enormous crop information at finer spatial resolution. Crop yield mapping with optical images is particularly challenging if cloud-free images are unavailable during the crucial crop developmental stages. All-weather availability and sensitivity to crop structure, dielectric properties make synthetic aperture radar (SAR) images an excellent resource for yield estimation. Both types of data provide complementary information about crop conditions. A random forest regression model with genetic algorithm-based feature selection is developed to exploit the Sentinel-2 optical and Sentinel-1 SAR images for yield estimation. We utilized the crop harvest and quality survey (BEE) yield data set collected by the Hessisches Statistisches Landesamt (HSL), Wiesbaden, Germany, over 490 fields. We prepared 20 m resolution yield maps for winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye and winter rapeseed. Input features for the yield estimation model are selected based on the prior knowledge of remote sensing of vegetation. Baseline random forest regression models are developed for all the four crop types with optical and SAR input features. An optimized random forest regression model with genetic algorithm-based feature selection results in performance improvement. Dissimilarity in genetic algorithm selected image features highlights the significance of crop-specific feature selection for yield estimation. The optimized models reliably estimate yield by achieving correlation coefficient (r) of 0.65–0.86, mean absolute error 0.93–1.16 t ha–1 and root mean square error 1.12–1.56 t ha–1 with BEE yield on testing data set. The proposed models could estimate the intra-field yield variation when winter wheat, winter barley, winter rye were in the shooting phase to the beginning of ear-shifting, and winter rapeseed began to flower or was already flowering. These results demonstrate the merits of our model for early-stage crop yield estimation at the field level with mono-temporal image and adaptability for the cropping season with high cloud cover