Coiled sheet metal strip opens into tubular configuration

Copper alloy is converted into a spring material that can be rolled into a compact coil which will spontaneously open to form a tube in the long direction of the strip. The copper alloy is passed through a furnace at a prescribed temperature while restraining the strip in the desired tubular configuration

Method of making tubes Patent

Forming tubes from long thin flat metal strip

The Soybean

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Power Spectrum of Cosmic Momentum Field Measured from the SFI Galaxy Sample

We have measured the cosmic momentum power spectrum from the peculiar velocities of galaxies in the SFI sample. The SFI catalog contains field spiral galaxies with radial peculiar velocities derived from the I-band Tully-Fisher relation. As a natural measure of the large-scale peculiar velocity field, we use the cosmic momentum field that is defined as the peculiar velocity field weighted by local number of galaxies. We have shown that the momentum power spectrum can be derived from the density power spectrum for the constant linear biasing of galaxy formation, which makes it possible to estimate \beta_S = \Omega_m^{0.6} / b_S parameter precisely where \Omega_m is the matter density parameter and b_S is the bias factor for optical spiral galaxies. At each wavenumber k we estimate \beta_S(k) as the ratio of the measured to the derived momentum power over a wide range of scales (0.026 h^{-1}Mpc <~ k <~ 0.157 h^{-1}Mpc) that spans the linear to the quasi-linear regimes. The estimated \beta_S(k)'s have stable values around 0.5, which demonstrates the constancy of \beta_S parameter at scales down to 40 h^{-1}Mpc. We have obtained \beta_S=0.49_{-0.05}^{+0.08} or \Omega_m = 0.30_{-0.05}^{+0.09} b_S^{5/3}, and the amplitude of mass fluctuation as \sigma_8\Omega_m^{0.6}=0.56_{-0.21}^{+0.27}. The 68% confidence limits include the cosmic variance. We have also estimated the mass density power spectrum. For example, at k=0.1047 h Mpc^{-1} (\lambda=60 h^{-1}Mpc) we measure \Omega_m^{1.2} P_{\delta}(k)=(2.51_{-0.94}^{+0.91})\times 10^3 (h^{-1}Mpc)^3, which is lower compared to the high-amplitude power spectra found from the previous maximum likelihood analyses of peculiar velocity samples like Mark III, SFI, and ENEAR.Comment: 12 pages, 9 figures, accepted for publication in Ap

Farming with Soybeans For Marketing For Feeding For Land Use

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The Soybean: Its Place in a Farming System

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Crossover from the parity-conserving pair contact process with diffusion to other universality classes

The pair contact process with diffusion (PCPD) with modulo 2 conservation (\pcpdt) [$2A\to 4A$, $2A\to 0$] is studied in one dimension, focused on the crossover to other well established universality classes: the directed Ising (DI) and the directed percolation (DP). First, we show that the \pcpdt shares the critical behaviors with the PCPD, both with and without directional bias. Second, the crossover from the \pcpdt to the DI is studied by including a parity-conserving single-particle process ($A \to 3A$). We find the crossover exponent $1/\phi_1 = 0.57(3)$, which is argued to be identical to that of the PCPD-to-DP crossover by adding $A \to 2A$. This suggests that the PCPD universality class has a well defined fixed point distinct from the DP. Third, we study the crossover from a hybrid-type reaction-diffusion process belonging to the DP [$3A\to 5A$, $2A\to 0$] to the DI by adding $A \to 3A$. We find $1/\phi_2 = 0.73(4)$ for the DP-to-DI crossover. The inequality of $\phi_1$ and $\phi_2$ further supports the non-DP nature of the PCPD scaling. Finally, we introduce a symmetry-breaking field in the dual spin language to study the crossover from the \pcpdt to the DP. We find $1/\phi_3 = 1.23(10)$, which is associated with a new independent route from the PCPD to the DP.Comment: 8 pages, 8 figure