The Relationship between Energy Consumption (Renewable and Non-renewable) and Economic Growth in Northeast Asia

The worldwide environmental crisis such as climate change and global warming motivates countries to use renewable energy. Additionally, the crisis provokes the importance of energy and the appearance of ecological economic theory. The Northeast Asia region has effectively embraced renewable energy production to enhance energy independence and energy security. Countries in the region require to maintain their production level to successfully complete the transition of energy use from the non-renewables to renewables. However, renewable energy’s impact on economic output in the Northeast Asia region is dubious. Moreover, only a small number of research on the availability of ecological economics in Northeast Asia has been done. The purpose of this paper is to estimate the impact of renewable and non-renewable energy consumption to economic output by employing panel data techniques. Moreover, the paper also examines the impact of total energy consumption on GDP to verify the importance of energy and the application of ecological economics. The result demonstrates that non-renewable energy influences GDP significantly more than the renewables. In this research, we have discovered that the impact of total energy consumption is similar to that of capital and labor. The policy implications of these results propose a balance of non-renewable energy consumption and renewable energy in Northeast Asia for the smooth transition of energy usage from the non- renewables to renewables due to the considerable influence of non-renewable energy consumption on GDP

Electrical Investigation of the Oblique Hanle Effect in Ferromagnet/Oxide/Semiconductor Contacts

We have investigated the electrical Hanle effect with magnetic fields applied at an oblique angle ({\theta}) to the spin direction (the oblique Hanle effect, OHE) in CoFe/MgO/semiconductor (SC) contacts by employing a three-terminal measurement scheme. The electrical oblique Hanle signals obtained in CoFe/MgO/Si and CoFe/MgO/Ge contacts show clearly different line shapes depending on the spin lifetime of the host SC. Notably, at moderate magnetic fields, the asymptotic values of the oblique Hanle signals (in both contacts) are consistently reduced by a factor of cos^2({\theta}) irrespective of the bias current and temperature. These results are in good agreement with predictions of the spin precession and relaxation model for the electrical oblique Hanle effect. At high magnetic fields where the magnetization of CoFe is significantly tilted from the film plane to the magnetic field direction, we find that the observed angular dependence of voltage signals in the CoFe/MgO/Si and CoFe/MgO/Ge contacts are well explained by the OHE, considering the misalignment angle between the external magnetic field and the magnetization of CoFe.Comment: 19 pages, 8 figure

Ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of AMPK gamma subunit by Cereblon inhibits AMPK activity

Cereblon (CRBN), a substrate receptor for Cullin-ring E3 ubiquitin ligase (CRL), is a major target protein of immunomodulatory drugs. An earlier study demonstrated that CRBN directly interacts with the catalytic α subunit of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), a master regulator of energy homeostasis, down-regulating the enzymatic activity of AMPK. However, it is not clear how CRBN modulates AMPK activity. To investigate the mechanism of CRBN-dependent AMPK inhibition, we measured protein levels of each AMPK subunit in brains, livers, lungs, hearts, spleens, skeletal muscles, testes, kidneys, and embryonic fibroblasts from wild-type and Crbn^(−/−) mice. Protein levels and stability of the regulatory AMPKγ subunit were increased in Crbn^(−/−) mice. Increased stability of AMPKγ in Crbn^(−/−) MEFs was dramatically reduced by exogenous expression of Crbn. In wild-type MEFs, the proteasomal inhibitor MG132 blocked degradation of AMPKγ. We also found that CRL4^(CRBN) directly ubiquitinated AMPKγ. Taken together, these findings suggest that CRL4^(CRBN) regulates AMPK through ubiquitin-dependent proteasomal degradation of AMPKγ

Structure and spectral features of H+(H2O)(7): Eigen versus Zundel forms

The two dimensional (2D) to three dimensional (3D) transition for the protonated water cluster has been controversial, in particular, for H+(H2O)(7). For H+(H2O)(7) the 3D structure is predicted to be lower in energy than the 2D structure at most levels of theory without zero-point energy (ZPE) correction. On the other hand, with ZPE correction it is predicted to be either 2D or 3D depending on the calculational levels. Although the ZPE correction favors the 3D structure at the level of coupled cluster theory with singles, doubles, and perturbative triples excitations [CCSD(T)] using the aug-cc-pVDZ basis set, the result based on the anharmonic zero-point vibrational energy correction favors the 2D structure. Therefore, the authors investigated the energies based on the complete basis set limit scheme (which we devised in an unbiased way) at the resolution of the identity approximation Moller-Plesset second order perturbation theory and CCSD(T) levels, and found that the 2D structure has the lowest energy for H+(H2O)(7) [though nearly isoenergetic to the 3D structure for D+(D2O)(7)]. This structure has the Zundel-type configuration, but it shows the quantum probabilistic distribution including some of the Eigen-type configuration. The vibrational spectra of MP2/aug-cc-pVDZ calculations and Car-Parrinello molecular dynamics simulations, taking into account the thermal and dynamic effects, show that the 2D Zundel-type form is in good agreement with experiments. (c) 2006 American Institute of Physics.open353